Animal hypnosis: a study in the induction of tonic immobility in chickens.

Gilman, Thelma T.; Marcuse, F. L.; Moore, A. Ulric

doi:10.1037/h0053659

Cited by 99 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…It is weil known, for example, that handling, familiarization, and repeated testing cause the immobility response in chickens to wane (Gilman, Marcuse, & Moore, 1950;Ratner & Thompson, 1960). Another possibility might be the use of tranquilizing agents as a technique for reducing fear or arousal.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

1971

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confidence: 99%

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

1971

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“…While freezing in 267 rodents appears to be a risk-assessment behaviour to a (perceived) distant threat (Blanchard et 268 al., 2011), TI happens following physical restraint, and has been suggested to be an anti-269 predation response even after the animal has been captured. Such "death-feigning" might 270 induce the predator to loosen its hold (Gilman et al, 1950;Engel and Schmale, 1972; 271 arms of the maze (Pellow et al, 1985). 304…”

Section: Responses 183 184mentioning

confidence: 99%

What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review

Fureix

Meagher

2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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Captive / domestic animals are often described as inactive, with the implicit or explicit implication that this high level of inactivity is a welfare problem. Conversely, not being inactive enough may also indicate or cause poor welfare. In humans, too much inactivity can certainly be associated with either negative or positive affective states. In non-human animals, however, the affective states associated with elevated or suppressed levels of inactivity are still not well understood. Part of the complexity is due to the fact that there are many different forms of inactivity, each likely associated with very different affective states. This paper has two aims. One is to identify specific forms of inactivity that can be used as indicators of specific affective states in animals. The other is to identify issues that need to be resolved before we could validly use the remaining, not yet validated forms of inactivity as indicators of affective state. We briefly discuss how inactivity is defined and assessed in the literature, and then how inactivity in its various forms relates to affective (either negative or positive) states in animals, basing our reasoning on linguistic reports of affective states collected from humans displaying inactivity phenotypically similar to that displayed by animals in similar situations, and, when possible, on pharmacological validation. Specific forms of inactivity expressed in response to perceived threats (freezing, tonic immobility, and hiding) appear to be, to date, the best-validated indicators of specific affective states in animals. We also identify a number of specific forms of inactivity likely to reflect either negative (associated with ill-heath, boredom-like, and depression-like conditions), or positive states (e.g. 'sunbasking', post-consummatory inactivity), although further research is warranted before we could use those forms as indicators of the affective states. We further discuss the relationship between increased inactivity and affective states by presenting misleading situations likely to yield wrong conclusions. We conclude that more attention should be paid to inactivity in animal welfare studies: specific forms of inactivity identified in this paper are, or have the potential to be, useful indicators of affective (welfare) states in animals. Other specific forms are likely to be linked with either negative or positive states. What can inactivity (in its variousWe propose further research directions to further validate those forms of inactivity. Captive / domestic animals are often described as inactive, with the implicit or explicit 16 implication that this high level of inactivity is a welfare problem. Conversely, not being 17 inactive enough may also indicate or cause poor welfare. In humans, too much inactivity can 18 certainly be associated with either negative or positive affective states. In non-human 19 animals, however, the affective states associated with elevated or suppressed levels of 20 inactivity are still not well understood. 21Part of ...

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“…The opposite result has been obtained for manipulations assumed to decrease fear. Those procedures which increase the novelty of a testing situation (by introducing a novel experimenter, novel testing procedure, or novel stimuli) enhance the duration of the immobility response (Gilman, Marcuse, & Moore, 1950). Conversely, decreases in the novelty of the testing situation (by extensive handling of the animal or repeated elicitation of the immobility response) shorten the duration of the immobility reaction (Gilman, Marcuse, & Moore, 1950;Nash & Gallup, 1976;Ratner & Thompson, 1960).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Those procedures which increase the novelty of a testing situation (by introducing a novel experimenter, novel testing procedure, or novel stimuli) enhance the duration of the immobility response (Gilman, Marcuse, & Moore, 1950). Conversely, decreases in the novelty of the testing situation (by extensive handling of the animal or repeated elicitation of the immobility response) shorten the duration of the immobility reaction (Gilman, Marcuse, & Moore, 1950;Nash & Gallup, 1976;Ratner & Thompson, 1960). Similarly, the preinduction administration of aversive auditory (Gallup, 1974) and tactile stimulation (Gallup, Creekmore, & Hill, 1970;Gallup, Nash, Potter, & Donnegan, 1970) result in increased durations of, and susceptibility to, the immobility reaction; this increase is proportional to the intensity of stimulation presented.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tonic immobility in chicks during presentations and withdrawals of an imprinting stimulus

Berns

Bell

1979

Animal Learning & Behavior

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We investigated the effects of presentation and withdrawal of an imprinting stimulus on durations of the tonic immobility reaction in domestic fowl. In Experiment 1, presentation and withdrawal of the imprinting stimulus was compared to similar manipulations with a novel stimulus. Differences in the immobility reaction were due to specific effects of the imprinting stimulus. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated the effect of the presence or withdrawal of only the imprinting stimulus on the duration of the immobility reaction. The presence of the imprinting stimulus shortened the duration of the immobility reaction, while the withdrawal of the same stimulus lengthened the duration of the reaction, relative to a baseline condition. The results are interpreted in terms of central affective states which interact in simple ways. 383Central affective states are thought to play an important role in the control of behavior; yet, the existence of such states is purely inferential, a product of the psychologist's analysis of the sudden changes occurring in ongoing behavior when pleasant and unpleasant stimuli are introduced and then terminated. One can begin to give empirical status to such inferred affective states by studying the interactions caused when two such states are elicited simultaneously. Thus, an affective state becomes that state aroused by stimulus X which, when combined with the state aroused by stimulus Y, yields a specific behavioral phenomenon, Z. This is the strategy represented by our experiments. We arouse in chicks either the affective state controlled by the presence of an imprinting object (pleasant) or that controlled by the removal of an imprinting object (aversive) and ask what happens to the tonic immobility reaction induced by forced restraint (aversive) as a consequence of the interactions of the affective states controlled by the three stimulus complexes.Chicks and ducklings manifest a characteristic pattern of response to presentations and withdrawals of an imprinting stimulus. In the presence of the imprinting object, the animal seems content and will follow the stimulus avidly, emitting few distress vocalizations (Hoffman & Solomon, 1974). Withdrawal of that same stimulus dramatically changes the animal's behavior. The hatchling will actively search for the stimulus, while emitting high-intensity distress

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Animal hypnosis: a study in the induction of tonic immobility in chickens.

Cited by 99 publications

References 6 publications

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review

Tonic immobility in chicks during presentations and withdrawals of an imprinting stimulus

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