Animal diseases in the Central Balkan Eneolithic (ca. 4500–2500 BC)—A diachronic perspective on the site of Bubanj, south‐eastern Serbia

Abstract

This paper aims to present the first evidence of animal diseases from the Central Balkan Eneolithic, a prehistoric period that lasted about 2000 years. The eponymous site of Bubanj in south‐eastern Serbia provided a diachronic perspective on animal pathologies developing during this long time period. We analyzed 71 animal remains showing evidence of pathological changes. All of the remains exhibiting anomalies were subjected to macroscopic analysis, while the specimens with the most prominent alterations also underwent X‐ray and CT imaging. Anomalies were observed mostly in domestic animals. Only in caprines were all of the different types of anomalies present, with dental pathologies being the most frequent. Degenerative bone alterations were noted in around 78% of the domestic cattle specimens, while congenital anomalies were the most common type in domestic pigs. Pathological changes were also noted in dogs, aurochs, red deer, wild boars, beavers, and bears. In most cases, the anomalies were caused by hereditary and environmental factors. Caprine dental pathologies were the result of aging and poor‐quality nutrition. In domestic cattle, besides being caused by environmental factors, the degenerative alterations might also have been work related. The lack of paleopathological data from other Eneolithic sites in the region, and the scarce or non‐existent evidence from the previous (Neolithic) and succeeding (Bronze Age) periods prevented comparative analyses and discussion of the results within wider temporal and spatial frames. Establishing a paleopathological investigation of animal remains with anomalies from the prehistoric Central Balkans should be a standard, in order to provide us with a better understanding of human–animal interactions.

Paleopathological Changes in Animal Bones from Croatian Archaeological Sites from Prehistory to New Modern Period

“…Methods of choice in palaeopathology research are gross examination and diagnostic imaging, i.e., radiography and computed tomography [ 8 ]. These methods have proven useful to determine changes in the standard bony macrostructure.…”

Severe traumatic lesions in the Late Neolithic cattle from the site of At‐Vršac, Serbia

“…The aim of this research that represents one of a few studies focused on animal pathology in the prehistory of the central Balkans (Bulatovi c et al, 2014(Bulatovi c et al, , 2016(Bulatovi c et al, , 2021Gaastra et al, 2018) is to provide differential diagnosis for traumatic alterations with severe secondary infections in prehistoric cattle from At-Vršac and to place these types of lesions in the precise temporal context. Traumatic lesions were one of the most frequent and serious pathological conditions for past animal populations, with a high risk of complications during the recovery process and they could even lead to the death of an individual.…”