Animal cytogenetics

Houck, Marlys L.; Lear, Teri L.; Charter, Suellen J.

doi:10.1002/9781119061199.ch24

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…As another layer of evidence supporting the significant contribution of fusions in the karyotype dynamics of Nannostomus, the large blocks of constitutive heterochromatin flanking the centromeres of rather large-sized metacentric chromosomes, as found in the karyotypes of N. marginatus and N. unifasciatus, may be potentially considered as relics of two previously independent centromeres linked together by the process of fusion. In fact, such a situation has been repeatedly observed in many teleost species (sometimes, again, accompanied by the presence of rDNA sites in the fusion points) [49][50][51][52][53][54] and it was reported also in other animal taxa, e.g., amphibians [55] or mammals [56,57]. Nonetheless, other studies show that the large pericentromeric heterochromatic blocks can also be found evenly distributed throughout the karyotype regardless of the fusion events (see, e.g., Houck et al [57] and Sousa et al [58]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Chromosome rearrangements may not always be directly linked to speciation [68], but they may often provide an effective mechanism for post-zygotic reproductive isolation (in the case of fusions, e.g., [57,99,100]). By altering gene expression or by joining previously unlinked genetic material together, for instance, they might facilitate the emergence of evolutionarily advanced (e.g., locally adapted) sub-populations of a given species, thus contributing to diversification [69,101].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Centric Fusions behind the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Nannostomus Pencilfishes (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): First Insights from a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective

Sember

Oliveira

Ráb

et al. 2020

Genes

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Lebiasinidae is a Neotropical freshwater family widely distributed throughout South and Central America. Due to their often very small body size, Lebiasinidae species are cytogenetically challenging and hence largely underexplored. However, the available but limited karyotype data already suggested a high interspecific variability in the diploid chromosome number (2n), which is pronounced in the speciose genus Nannostomus, a popular taxon in ornamental fish trade due to its remarkable body coloration. Aiming to more deeply examine the karyotype diversification in Nannostomus, we combined conventional cytogenetics (Giemsa-staining and C-banding) with the chromosomal mapping of tandemly repeated 5S and 18S rDNA clusters and with interspecific comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to investigate genomes of four representative Nannostomus species: N. beckfordi, N. eques, N. marginatus, and N. unifasciatus. Our data showed a remarkable variability in 2n, ranging from 2n = 22 in N. unifasciatus (karyotype composed exclusively of metacentrics/submetacentrics) to 2n = 44 in N. beckfordi (karyotype composed entirely of acrocentrics). On the other hand, patterns of 18S and 5S rDNA distribution in the analyzed karyotypes remained rather conservative, with only two 18S and two to four 5S rDNA sites. In view of the mostly unchanged number of chromosome arms (FN = 44) in all but one species (N. eques; FN = 36), and with respect to the current phylogenetic hypothesis, we propose Robertsonian translocations to be a significant contributor to the karyotype differentiation in (at least herein studied) Nannostomus species. Interspecific comparative genome hybridization (CGH) using whole genomic DNAs mapped against the chromosome background of N. beckfordi found a moderate divergence in the repetitive DNA content among the species’ genomes. Collectively, our data suggest that the karyotype differentiation in Nannostomus has been largely driven by major structural rearrangements, accompanied by only low to moderate dynamics of repetitive DNA at the sub-chromosomal level. Possible mechanisms and factors behind the elevated tolerance to such a rate of karyotype change in Nannostomus are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centric Fusions behind the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Nannostomus Pencilfishes (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): First Insights from a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective

Sember

Oliveira

Ráb

et al. 2020

Genes

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“…Biopsy medium was prepared according to [ 13 ]: completed Alpha MEM media supplemented with 1% antibiotic-antimycotic 100X (P/S/F) (10,000 units/mL of penicillin 10,000 µg/mL of streptomycin and 25 µg/mL of Fungizone (Amphotericin B)) (Gibco ® , Life Technologies, Rockville, MD, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing Cell Lines from Fresh or Cryopreserved Tissue from the Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus): A Preliminary Protocol

Strand

Callesen

Pertoldi

et al. 2021

Animals

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This study describes a successful protocol for establishing cell lines from the threatened Triturus cristatus in terms of collection, preparing, establishing, cryopreserving, thawing and quality checking. Different parameters such as media, media change, fresh vs. cryopreserved tissue and seeding density were tested to optimize culture conditions for this species. With fresh tissue, no considerable differences in the use of two different media were found, but with cryopreserved tissue, a combination of ITS (insulin/transferrin/selenite) and 2-mercaptoethanol had a positive effect on growth. Real-time measurements on the cell lines were used, for the first time in amphibian cells, to investigate the effect of different treatments such as media change with or without washing. Media change had a positive impact on the cells, whereas the effect was negative when combined with washing. It is concluded that establishment of cell lines is possible from the great crested newt, especially when using fresh tissue, but much more challenging if the tissue has been cryopreserved. Real-time measurement during cell culture is a useful tool to visualize the sensitivity of amphibian cells during different culture treatments.

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“…Using standard cytogenetic methodologies [ 10 , 11 ], peripheral blood buffy coat obtained by centrifugation was inoculated into suspension culture using RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum 50 μg/mL gentamycin sulfate and 2mM L-glutamine. Cultures were mitogenically stimulated with 1% Gibco phytohemagglutinin (Life Techonologies Corp, Carlsbad, CA) and pokeweed 10 μg/mL mitogen (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and incubated at 37°C and 40°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metaphase preparations were made by dropping fixed cell suspension onto wet microscope slides, flooding with fixative and air-drying. Slides were aged at 90°C for 30 minutes and stained independently by trypsin/Giemsa G-banding and barium hydroxide C-banding [ 11 , 12 ]. Metaphase cells were imaged and analyzed with an Olympus BX41 microscope (Olympus Corp., Center Valley, PA) 100x planapochromatic objective and Leica CytoVision image/karyotype system (Leica Microsystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karyotype analysis and sex determination in Australian Brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami)

et al. 2017

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Sexual differentiation across taxa may be due to genetic sex determination (GSD) and/or temperature sex determination (TSD). In many mammals, males are heterogametic (XY); whereas females are homogametic (XX). In most birds, the opposite is the case with females being heterogametic (ZW) and males the homogametic sex (ZZ). Many reptile species lack sex chromosomes, and instead, sexual differentiation is influenced by temperature with specific temperatures promoting males or females varying across species possessing this form of sexual differentiation, although TSD has recently been shown to override GSD in Australian central beaded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). There has been speculation that Australian Brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami) exhibit TSD alone and/or in combination with GSD. Thus, we sought to determine if this species possesses sex chromosomes. Blood was collected from one sexually mature female and two sexually mature males residing at Sylvan Heights Bird Park (SHBP) and shipped for karyotype analysis. Karyotype analysis revealed that contrary to speculation, Australian Brush-turkeys possess the classic avian ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes. It remains a possibility that a biased primary sex ratio of Australian Brush-turkeys might be influenced by maternal condition prior to ovulation that result in her laying predominantly Z- or W-bearing eggs and/or sex-biased mortality due to higher sensitivity of one sex in environmental conditions. A better understanding of how maternal and extrinsic factors might differentially modulate ovulation of Z- or W-bearing eggs and hatching of developing chicks possessing ZW or ZZ sex chromosomes could be essential in conservation strategies used to save endangered members of Megapodiidae.

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Animal cytogenetics

Cited by 7 publications

References 97 publications

Centric Fusions behind the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Nannostomus Pencilfishes (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): First Insights from a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective

Centric Fusions behind the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Nannostomus Pencilfishes (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): First Insights from a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective

Establishing Cell Lines from Fresh or Cryopreserved Tissue from the Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus): A Preliminary Protocol

Karyotype analysis and sex determination in Australian Brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami)

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