“…For instance, behavioral responses such as hiding, flashing of colored body parts, or gregarious behavior have all been shown to enhance prey survival rates (Daly, Behrends, Wilson, & Jacobs, 1992; Edmunds, 1974; Sih, 1987; Stevens, 2005). Morphological features include for instance camouflage, aposematic coloration, Batesian mimicry, and protective spines or plates (Edmunds, 1974; Hoogland, Morris, & Tinbergen, 1956; Skelhorn, Rowland, & Ruxton, 2010; Stevens & Merilaita, 2009). In terms of life history responses, predation pressure has been shown to induce shifts in age at maturity, fecundity, and growth (Reznick, Butler Iv, & Rodd, 2001; Stoks, Govaert, Pauwels, Jansen, & De Meester, 2016) to increase prey fitness.…”