Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: A long way from elimination/eradication

Isaac, Clement; Ohiolei, John Asekhaen; Ebhodaghe, Faith I.; Igbinosa, I. B.; Eze, Anthonius A.

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.032

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The high prevalence of AAT observed in this study indicates that the disease is far from been eliminated. While it has been estimated that the presence of AAT reduces the total number of livestock in an area by 25–50%, it has also been predicted that with an elasticity of 0.2, AAT can reduce the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) by 5–10% [ 18 ]. This study suggests an increasing trend of AAT in Nigeria and incidentally, well studied and moderately studied states for AAT have veterinary schools (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tsetse flies are known to be widely distributed across Nigeria [ 18 ]. About 196,000 km 2 of landmass has been cleared in the northeastern region since 1967 [ 27 ] and an additional 1500 km 2 in the north-central region in 1987 [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, there are no national AAT and tsetse infection prevalence rates in Nigeria but there are lots of regional disjointed AAT data sets that ought to be amalgamated to provide a national AAT and tsetse trypanosome infection rate. The effort of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC-Nigeria) seems not to be felt across the country [ 18 ], because there is no concise information on the trend of the disease in various livestock. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no study which has addressed the overall prevalence of Trypanosoma species infection in livestock and the risk associated with these infections in Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017

Odeniran

Ademola

2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundAfrican animal trypanosomiasis is an economically significant disease that affects the livestock industry in Nigeria. It is caused by several parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. National estimates of the disease prevalence in livestock and tsetse flies are lacking, therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to understand the trend of the disease prevalence over the years.MethodsPublications were screened in Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE and PubMed databases. Using four-stage (identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion) process in the PRIMSA checklist, only studies that met the inclusion criteria for AAT and tsetse infections were analysed. Point estimates prevalence and subgroup analyses based on diagnostic techniques in livestock were evaluated at 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsA total of 74 eligible studies published between 1960 and 2017 were selected for meta-analysis. This covers the six geopolitical zones, involving a total of 53,924 animals. The overall prevalence of AAT was 16.1% (95% CI: 12.3–20.3%). Based on diagnostic techniques, the prevalence of AAT in cattle was highest in PCR followed by serology and microscopy while the highest prevalence in pigs was observed with serology. Out of 12,552 tsetse flies examined from 14 eligible studies, an overall prevalence of 17.3% (95% CI: 4.5–36.0%) and subgroup prevalence of 49.7% (95% CI: 30.7–68.8%), 11.5% (95% CI: 6.1–18.5) and 4.5% (95% CI: 1.8–8.8%) in G. morsitans, G. tachinoides and G. palpalis, respectively, were observed using the random effects-model.ConclusionsThe prevalence of trypanosomes in both vectors and animal hosts was high in Nigeria. Therefore, further research on risk factors, seasonal and transhumance effects, vectoral capacity and competence are warranted for an effective control of AAT in Nigeria.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2801-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017

Odeniran

Ademola

2018

Parasites Vectors

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“…Besides infecting humans, T. brucei infects animals, including cattle, causing a form of the disease named Nagana (or African Animal Trypanosomiases-AAT) that has a major economic impact for the livestock industry in east and southern Africa (Isaac et al, 2017). Human African Trypanomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and is frequently fatal if not treated (WHO, 2019b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins Act Differently in the Response to DNA Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress

Grazielle-Silva

Zeb

Burchmore

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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MSH2, associated with MSH3 or MSH6, is a central component of the eukaryotic DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway responsible for the recognition and correction of base mismatches that occur during DNA replication and recombination. Previous studies have shown that MSH2 plays an additional DNA repair role in response to oxidative damage in Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. By performing co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry with parasites expressing tagged proteins, we confirmed that the parasites' MSH2 forms complexes with MSH3 and MSH6. To investigate the involvement of these two other MMR components in the oxidative stress response, we generated knockout mutants of MSH6 and MSH3 in T. brucei bloodstream forms and MSH6 mutants in T. cruzi epimastigotes. Differently from the phenotype observed with T. cruzi MSH2 knockout epimastigotes, loss of one or two alleles of T. cruzi msh6 resulted in increased susceptibility to H 2 O 2 exposure, besides impaired MMR. In contrast, T. brucei msh6 or msh3 null mutants displayed increased tolerance to MNNG treatment, indicating that MMR is affected, but no difference in the response to H 2 O 2 treatment when compared to wild type cells. Taken together, our results suggest that, while T. cruzi MSH6 and MSH2 are involved with the oxidative stress response in addition to their role as components of the MMR, the DNA repair pathway that deals with oxidative stress damage operates differently in T. brucei.

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“…African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is still a major and the most important constraint to livestock and agricultural production in tropical Africa (Isaac et al, 2017;Courtin et al, 2008). It has been considered as a threat to poverty alleviation programs in the continent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal potentials of Afrormosia laxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Chechet¹,

Yahaya²,

Nok³

2018

Nig. Vet. J.

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Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) also known as Nagana is a resurgent disease in Africa. Medicinal plants are being used in less developed countries for the treatment of various diseases including trypanosomiasis, due to the high cost of currently available drugs. Most of these plants have been useful sources of treatment of various diseases based on information obtained from folk medicine but have not been scientifically certified. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal potentials of the methanol extract of Aformorsia laxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against T. b. brucei. Phytochemical screening as well as LD50 of the plant extracts was carried out following standard procedures. Parasitemia was monitored daily while Packed Cell Volume was determined at three time points (days 1, 4 and 7) during the course of the infection. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, antraquinones, resins and tanins. However, steriods/terpenoids were absent in K. senegalensis but present in A. laxiflora. The toxicity of methanol extract of both A. laxiflora and K. senegalensis was above 5000mg/kg body weight. Methanol extracts of A. laxiflora (leaves) and K. senegalensis (stem bark) showed promising trypanocidal potential in vitro against T. b. brucei at concentrations of 10, 15, 25mg/ml and 40 and 20mg/ml respectively. At these concentrations, both extracts immobilized the parasites within 55mins post-incubation. In general, A. laxiflora leaf extract demonstrated prophylactic activity against T. b. brucei in vivo at a dose of 500mg/Kg body weight particularly in group C animals where a delayed pre-patent period (6 days post-infection), extended survival (14 days post-infection) and significant (P<0.05) reduction in the parasite burden confirmed by an absence of anemia (PCV 47.00±0.8 %) was observed when compared to the infected untreated control group. K. senegalensis extract on the other hand did not show anti-trypanosomal activity in the treated groups (1, 2, and 3). Based on these observations, it was therefore deduced that the methanol extract of leaves of A. laxiflora possessed the ability to ameliorate the burden of the disease and could be a plausible candidate for drug development against the disease.Keywords: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Afromosia laxiflora, Khaya senegalensis, anti-trypanosomal, in vitro, in vivo

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Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: A long way from elimination/eradication

Cited by 25 publications

References 73 publications

A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017

A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017

Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins Act Differently in the Response to DNA Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-trypanosomal potentials of <i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i> and <i>Khaya senegalensis</i> against <i>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</i>

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