Anhydrous Metal Nitrates

Addison, C. C.; Logan, Norman

doi:10.1016/s0065-2792(08)60225-3

Cited by 74 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…All of these anhydrous metal nitrates are powerful oxidizing and nitrating agents, capable of reacting vigorously with organic substrates, and they are readily hydrolyzed in the presence of water. [12] The oxonitrates should be stored at 0°C and out of direct light when not in use. Using Zr(NO 3 ) 4 , typical ZrO 2 film deposition rates at a reactor temperature of 400°C ranged from 40 Å/min (precursor T = 85°C) to 130 Å/min (precursor T = 100°C).…”

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Anhydrous Metal Nitrates as Volatile Single Source Precursors for the CVD of Metal Oxide Films

Colombo¹,

Gilmer

Young

et al. 1998

Chem. Vap. Deposition

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mentioning

confidence: 56%

Anhydrous Metal Nitrates as Volatile Single Source Precursors for the CVD of Metal Oxide Films

Colombo¹,

Gilmer

Young

et al. 1998

Chem. Vap. Deposition

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“…The reused catalyst has Cu at 43 and 70° while Pd is seen at around 38°. [27][28][29] The insitu reduction of catalyst occurs at the start of reaction. The CuO phase is observed prior to the reaction whereas Cu and Cu 2 O phases are seen post reaction.Cu 2 O phase at 50° is intact in fresh and used 7 catalyst indicating that it has no role in catalyzing the reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascade Engineered Synthesis of γ-Valerolactone, 1,4-Pentanediol, and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran from Levulinic Acid Using Pd–Cu/ZrO₂Catalyst in Water as Solvent

Patankar

Yadav

2015

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Synthesis of chemicals derived from biomass using heterogeneous catalysts with water as a solvent elegantly fits into the realm of sustainable chemistry. In this work, a novel heterogeneous palladium copper bimetallic catalyst supported on zirconia is synthesized and fully characterized. This catalyst is used in one pot synthesis of γ-valerolactone, 1,4-pentanediol and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran from levulinic acid and hydrogen using water as solvent. The catalyst consists of 1% palladium and 29% copper supported on zirconia and is characterized per se and after reuse by using elemental analysis, FTIR, NH3-TPD, XRD and BET surface area, XPS, SEM and TEM analysis. This is first ever report on direct synthesis of 1,4-pentanediol and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran using water as solvent. Reaction mechanism and kinetic modeling was done to validate the experimental results. The results reported are thus a combination of synthesis of a novel catalyst with its full characterization, its application in a novel synthesis route, description of the synthesis mechanism and kinetic modelling and proof of the robustness of the developed catalyst by reusing it for four catalytic cycles.Developing strategies for synthesis of second generation biofuels is a current trend. The technologies developed ought to be inexpensive and sustainable in order that both the developing countries and developed countries could adopt them. Valorization of levulinic acid (LA) derived from renewable source; for instance, glucose and fructose, is a viable option because the products derived from it are in tune with the current liquid fuel infrastructure. 1 BioMetics Inc. developed the biorefine process to produce LA at 50-70% yields from cellulosic feedstockand estimated a large scale plant (1000-2000 ton/day) could produce LA for $ 0.09-0.11 per kg. 2 There are abundant technologies for valorization of LA to γ-valerolactone(GVL) (Table 1). 3-12 Most of these technologies employ external hydrogen as a source for hydrogenation with a suitable catalyst. Ruthenium complexes bearing monodendate phosphorous ligands are the mainly used homogeneous catalysts whereas Ru, Pd, Pt, Ni, Rh, Ir, Au supported on neutral support like silica or metal oxides have been used as heterogeneous catalysts. 13 There are very few reports on synthesis of GVL from LA using heterogeneous non noble catalysts.Cu/ZrO 2 and Cu/Al 2 O 3 made by co-precipitation have been reported for hydrogenation of LA and methyl levulinate to GVL. 9 Methanol and water were used as solvent. Cu/ZrO 2 catalyst gave 100% selectivity towards GVL. However, a copper carboxylate complex was formed which resulted in leaching of the copper catalyst when water was used as a solvent. Another route to achieve formation of GVL from LA is by transfer hydrogenation. Formic acid and LA mixture in 1:1 proportion has been used with Cu/ZrO 2 catalyst prepared by oxalate gel precipitation for selective synthesis of GVL. 14 Direct synthesis of 1,4-pentanediol (PDO) with 70% yield was achieved using Mo modified Rh/SiO 2 catal...

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“…For example, reaction of an alcohol with anhydrous metal nitrates will form the corresponding ester of nitric acid (RONO 2 ). [48] The alkoxy ligands present in TEOS are similar to ethanol, therefore the proposed reaction of TEOS with TN ( Equation 4) is similar to the reaction of ROH with TN, and would explain the one-to-one composition observed in films grown from this combination of precursors. Ethyl nitrate boils at 88 C and is unstable at elevated temperatures.…”

Section: Reaction Between Tn and Teosmentioning

confidence: 93%

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ti_xSi_1–_xO₂ Films: Precursor Chemistry Impacts Films Composition

Smith

Hoilien

Dykstra

et al. 2003

Chemical Vapor Deposition

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Thin films of composition Ti x Si 1±x O 2 were grown by low-pressure (LP) CVD on silicon (100) , as the sources of SiO 2 and TiO 2 , respectively. The substrate temperature was varied between 300 C and 535 C, and the individual precursor delivery rates ranged from 5 sccm to 100 sccm. Under these conditions, growth rates ranging from 0.6 nm min ±1 to 90.0 nm min ±1 were observed. As-deposited films were amorphous to X-rays, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed no compositional inhomogeneity. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectrometry revealed that the relative concentration of TiO 2 and SiO 2 was dependent upon the choice of TiO 2 precursor. Possible multi-precursor deposition scenarios are presented and discussed in relation to the observed variation of film stoichiometry. For the TTIP±TEOS pair, the systematic variation of Ti content with deposition conditions could be accounted for by a growth scenario that limits SiO 2 growth to TiO 2 sites within the composite film. For the case of TN±TEOS the Ti content remained close to 50 % for all conditions studied. A specific chemical reaction between TN and TEOS prior to film deposition accounts for the observed composition.

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Anhydrous Metal Nitrates

Cited by 74 publications

References 163 publications

Anhydrous Metal Nitrates as Volatile Single Source Precursors for the CVD of Metal Oxide Films

Anhydrous Metal Nitrates as Volatile Single Source Precursors for the CVD of Metal Oxide Films

Cascade Engineered Synthesis of γ-Valerolactone, 1,4-Pentanediol, and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran from Levulinic Acid Using Pd–Cu/ZrO₂Catalyst in Water as Solvent

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ti_xSi_1–_xO₂ Films: Precursor Chemistry Impacts Films Composition

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Anhydrous Metal Nitrates

Cited by 74 publications

References 163 publications

Anhydrous Metal Nitrates as Volatile Single Source Precursors for the CVD of Metal Oxide Films

Anhydrous Metal Nitrates as Volatile Single Source Precursors for the CVD of Metal Oxide Films

Cascade Engineered Synthesis of γ-Valerolactone, 1,4-Pentanediol, and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran from Levulinic Acid Using Pd–Cu/ZrO2Catalyst in Water as Solvent

Chemical Vapor Deposition of TixSi1–xO2 Films: Precursor Chemistry Impacts Films Composition

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Cascade Engineered Synthesis of γ-Valerolactone, 1,4-Pentanediol, and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran from Levulinic Acid Using Pd–Cu/ZrO₂Catalyst in Water as Solvent

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ti_xSi_1–_xO₂ Films: Precursor Chemistry Impacts Films Composition