Angular Sampling, Test Signal, and Near-Field Aspects for Over-The-Air Total Radiated Power Assessment in Anechoic Chambers

Friden, Jonas; Razavi, Aidin; Stjernman, Anders

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2871708

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…From Figure 2, the radiated power of Ag NPs is 1.31, but its effective radiated power (ERP) is only 0.93. Asthe absorption of the light wave is affected by the size of the NPs, the ERP must be the difference between the normalized radiated power (RP) and the absorbed power (P abs ), so ERP = RP − P abs [38,39,40]. The effective radiated powers of NPs with different radius in the visible band were researched.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Graphene-Metal Transparent Conductive Nanocomposite Layers for Photoluminescence Enhancement

et al. 2019

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In this work, the synthesis and characterization ofgraphene-metal nanocomposite, a transparent conductive layer, is examined. This transparent conductive layer is named graphene-Ag-graphene (GAG), which makes full use of the high electron mobility and high conductivity characteristics of graphene, while electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is induced by Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The nanocomposite preparation technique delivers three key parts including the transfer of the first layer graphene, spin coating of Ag NPs and transfer of the second layer of graphene. The GAG transparent conductive nanocomposite layer possess a sheet resistance of 16.3 ohm/sq and electron mobility of 14,729 cm2/(v s), which are superior to single-layer graphene or other transparent conductive layers. Moreover, the significant enhancement of photoluminescence can be ascribed to the coupling of the light emitters in multiple quantum wells with the surface plasmon Ag NPs and the EIT effect.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Graphene-Metal Transparent Conductive Nanocomposite Layers for Photoluminescence Enhancement

et al. 2019

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“…Beamforming performance is normally tested in an anechoic environment with setups like (Fan et al, 2018) and (Fridén, Razavi and Stjernman, 2018) before mounting to the system. High gain radiating apertures like 16 elements stacked patched structure shown in (Khalily et al, 2018) is an example of a fixed beamformer.…”

Section: Fixed Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development Challenges of Millimeter‐Wave 5G Beamformers

Abbasi

2020

Wiley 5G Ref

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Beamforming is the central concept that can make millimetre-wave (mmWave) a viable solution by solving challenges of link-budget, cost, power, form factor, complexity, regulatory constraint and so on. Before deployment of mmWave beamforming solution for 5G, and possibly beyond, several fundamental questions need to be answered. Some of them include hardware constraints, performance matrices, realistic propagation channel models including impairments due to obstacles such as body, blockages due to casings, phase noise, a model for Spatial-temporal variations in channels, and advanced MIMO techniques for multi-carrier and multi-user communications. The site constraints and massive non-line-of-sight transmission within the urban environment are severely questioning the conventional terrestrial low power node deployments that used to work well at low operational frequencies (sub-6 GHz). In addition to this, in beamforming technology using massive antenna arrays, the coordination of the users and beams at the transmitter and receiver end within a large network are very challenging. In this study, we comprehensively investigate some of the most prominent and best practice solutions that attempted to answer these challenging questions.

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“…Beamformer gain is normally tested in an anechoic environment using setups such as those in [9,10]. Most commonly used beamformers are arrays of antenna in which the gain of a single-antenna radiating element is enhanced by increasing the number of antennas radiating elements placed at approximately one-half wavelength spacing with respect to each other [8].…”

Section: Aq3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

Abbasi

Fusco

2020

Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond

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Antenna's beamforming technology [1] is vital in the utilization of the microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands for the fifth-generation (5G) communication technology, and beyond, applications that include the sixth generation (6G), Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 [2,3]. Antenna beamforming can be defined as the ability of an antenna array to steer the maximum radiation toward a prescribed direction, or, conversely, the ability of the antenna array to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of an impinging signal. Beamforming is generally achieved by using multiple antennas, spatially colocated to either function as an independent radiator or as a unit cell in larger array arrangements. Recently, the term multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been used in conjugation with the beamforming technology since it also involves multiple antenna systems, thus linking it to the beamforming technology [4]. When the number of antennas used in the MIMO operation becomes very large, it is generally termed massive MIMO technology [5]. Different beamforming concepts are used for the two frequency spectrum classifications in cellular technology, i.e., sub-6 GHz and mmWave. The majority of beamformer challenges at sub-6 GHz are already resolved, and prototypes are now available [6]; however, there are still major fundamental challenges that engineers face while developing beamformers for use in the mmWave bands, i.e., >28 GHz. Challenges include, but are not limited to, high path loss, power generation, adaption to account for realistic channel estimation, hardware impairments, energy leakage in circuits, high development cost, spatial-temporal channel variations, signal blockages due to the presence of obstacles such as beamformer casing, user body and hand. Also, multiuser MIMO techniques are not easily implementable in mmWave frequencies. In addition to this, beam coordination at transmitter and receiver antenna systems especially in mmWave spectrum is very challenging. In this chapter, we will first classify the beamformers based on the system architecture, operational frequency

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Angular Sampling, Test Signal, and Near-Field Aspects for Over-The-Air Total Radiated Power Assessment in Anechoic Chambers

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Fabrication of Graphene-Metal Transparent Conductive Nanocomposite Layers for Photoluminescence Enhancement

Fabrication of Graphene-Metal Transparent Conductive Nanocomposite Layers for Photoluminescence Enhancement

Development Challenges of Millimeter‐Wave 5G Beamformers

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

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