Angular Dispersion of a Scattered Underground Wireless Channel at 60 GHz

Abstract

The 60 GHz frequency band is identified as a suitable band for Gbps speed wireless communication in an Underground mine due to its high antenna directivity and high signal attenuation. However, the rough mine surface and the 5 mm wavelength may produce rich scattering phenomenon of multipath signals. To characterize the channel and more insight into the scattering, the angular dispersion measurements are conducted in different mine gallery depths and dimensions. The scattering is analyzed by the angle of arrivals of the incoming paths at the receiver, which is characterized by the statistical parameters of the multipath shape factors. The results of the multipath shape factor are explained and show that at around 3 m link distance, the incoming paths are mostly in two or three directions within a resolution angle of around between ±30 • and ±40 • . The statistical distribution of the multipath angle of arrivals follows a Gaussian probability distribution. The results also show that the angular spreads of multipath are proportional to the gallery dimensions and inversely proportional to the link distances.INDEX TERMS 60 GHz wideband channel measurements, underground mine, angle of arrivals, scattering.

Characterization of a 60 GHz scattered wireless channel with different antenna polarizations for underground multimedia applications

“…2.4 GHz) [3, 6–8]. Results of the angular dispersion measurements in CANMET at 60 GHz also show that the angular spreads of multipath are proportional to the gallery dimensions and inversely proportional to the Tx‐Rx distances [36]. The results revealed that no reflected paths were received at the receiver after around 4 m. Therefore, this waveguide effect might not be the only explanation for the results obtained herein at a 10 m Tx‐Rx distance.…”

“…Some parts of this article are archived in the first author's Ph.D. thesis reported in [35]. Some results and analysis of this article are summarized from the author's studies reported in [36][37][38][39]. In this article, the measurements and characterization are examined by considering the facts of polarization, scattering, waveguide, and antenna radiation patterns dealing with the different magnitudes of the floor, wall, and ceiling roughness in different gallery dimensions.…”

“…Therefore, at higher frequencies such as 60 GHz, this phenomenon might have more effect on the channel. Previously, the 60 GHz measurements and analysis in the CANMET mine were carried out in different aspects such as identifying the PL exponent and delay spread values with single polarization, investigating the link reliability based on the antenna diversity gain, implementing the deterministic ray-tracing modelling using reflection and diffraction phenomenon, and the scattering analysis reported in [11][12][13][33][34][35][36]. Hence we take into account different antenna polarizations in the present analysis of the underground mine wireless channel.…”

Statistical Channel Models for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Data Centers

“…We stress that the antennas are not included in the calibration, thus, the antennas effects are implicitly considered as a part of the channel. Interested readers in the measurement setup refer to [16,17]. At each measured location, the snapshots of the channel transfer function (CTF) were measured in the frequency domain.…”

Millimeter-Wave Massive MU-MIMO Performance Analysis for Private Underground Mine Communications

“…Recently, several studies have reported experimental measurement at mmWave frequency bands, such as 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, and 73 GHz [6][7][8] and [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Different measurement campaigns have been carried out in various tunnel-like environments, such as pedestrian tunnels [24], airport terminals [25,26], railway stations [27], office environments [8] and subway tunnels [18,21].…”