Angle specific analysis of hamstrings and quadriceps isokinetic torque identify residual deficits in soccer players following ACL reconstruction: a longitudinal investigation

Read, Paul; Trama, Robin; Racinais, Sébastien; Auliffe, Seán Mc; Klauznicer, Jasenko; Alhammoud, Marine

doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.2022275

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4) and hip moment arm (Table 1) as the hip flexes. Irrespective of hip flexion angle, the maximum knee flexion torque is centered around 30° of knee flexion (Table 5) and ranges between 0 and 45° of knee flexion during isometric [79, 127, 130, 145, 149, 150, 152-155, 158, 198-202] and 15-70° during isokinetic [20,24,128,153,158,192,[203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220][221] tests. Several studies have also shown that the maximum knee flexion torque occurred at more flexed knee angles when the hip was more flexed [127,144,145,206] which makes sense given that this would approximately maintain muscle length; i.e., the muscle length rather than the joint angles themselves appear to dictate muscle strength.…”

Section: Torque-angle Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative review

Kellis

Blazevich

2022

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Temporal biomechanical and physiological responses to physical activity vary between individual hamstrings components as well as between exercises, suggesting that hamstring muscles operate differently, and over different lengths, between tasks. Nevertheless, the force-length properties of these muscles have not been thoroughly investigated. The present review examines the factors influencing the hamstrings’ force-length properties and relates them to in vivo function. A search in four databases was performed for studies that examined relations between muscle length and force, torque, activation, or moment arm of hamstring muscles. Evidence was collated in relation to force-length relationships at a sarcomere/fiber level and then moment arm-length, activation-length, and torque-joint angle relations. Five forward simulation models were also used to predict force-length and torque-length relations of hamstring muscles. The results show that, due to architectural differences alone, semitendinosus (ST) produces less peak force and has a flatter active (contractile) fiber force-length relation than both biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semimembranosus (SM), however BFlh and SM contribute greater forces through much of the hip and knee joint ranges of motion. The hamstrings’ maximum moment arms are greater at the hip than knee, so the muscles tend to act more as force producers at the hip but generate greater joint rotation and angular velocity at the knee for a given muscle shortening length and speed. However, SM moment arm is longer than SM and BFlh, partially alleviating its reduced force capacity but also reducing its otherwise substantial excursion potential. The current evidence, bound by the limitations of electromyography techniques, suggests that joint angle-dependent activation variations have minimal impact on force-length or torque-angle relations. During daily activities such as walking or sitting down, the hamstrings appear to operate on the ascending limbs of their force-length relations while knee flexion exercises performed with hip angles 45–90° promote more optimal force generation. Exercises requiring hip flexion at 45–120° and knee extension 45–0° (e.g. sprint running) may therefore evoke greater muscle forces and, speculatively, provide a more optimum adaptive stimulus. Finally, increases in resistance to stretch during hip flexion beyond 45° result mainly from SM and BFlh muscles.

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Torque-angle Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative review

Kellis

Blazevich

2022

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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“…All data processing was conducted in MATLAB (R2022a; MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA). Imported joint moment and positional data were initially filtered using a recursive, second-order, low-pass Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency of 10 Hz (29). Joint angular velocities were calculated as the first time derivative of joint angle, and the isokinetic range for all testing conditions was defined when calculated angular velocity was at least 95% of the target velocity (4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, peak joint moment values for the knee extensors are typically observed between 60°and 70°and peak knee flexor moment values occurring at 25°-40°when this hip is flexed at 85° (8,29). Therefore these discrete ratios provide a single value based on peak joint moments that occur at different joint angles (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these angle-specific ratios require additional analysis, they could be more useful for at screening injury risk or identifying strength deficits following injury (26,36) and in evaluating interventions aimed at promoting ROM-specific adaptations (10). Research of this kind has focused on angle-specific strength ratios in healthy recreational athletes (8,9,30) and elite skiers (3) as well as other populations with previous injuries (29,34). As a result, there is a lack of normative angle-specific information based on healthy, professional, soccer players despite the high prevalence of hamstring injury in soccer (2) and the high demands of the modern game (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrete Hamstring: Quadriceps Strength Ratios Do Not Represent Angle-Specific Ratios in Premier League Soccer Players

Lunn,

Nicholson,

Cooke

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Lunn, DE, Nicholson, G, Cooke, M, Crespo, R, Robinson, T, Price, RJ, and Walker, J. Discrete hamstring: quadriceps strength ratios do not represent angle-specific ratios in Premier League soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2023—This study compared angle-specific hamstring:quadriceps (H:Q) ratios with their discrete counterparts during strength testing in professional male soccer players. Twenty-seven professional English Premier League soccer players were recruited for this study (age: 22 ± 4 years; stature: 1.81 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 74.7 ± 6.5 kg). Isokinetic testing of the knee flexors and extensors was conducted concentrically at two angular velocities (60° and 240°·s−1) and eccentrically (for the knee flexors only) at 30°·s−1. Conventional H:Q ratio was calculated as the ratio between peak joint moment in the flexors and extensors at 60°·s−1. Functional H:Q ratio was calculated as the peak joint moment in the flexors during the eccentric condition and the extensors at 240°·s−1. Discrete conventional and functional H:Q ratios were 0.56 ± 0.06 and 1.28 ± 0.22, respectively. The residual differences between discrete values and angle-specific residual values were 13.60 ± 6.56% when normalized to the magnitude of the discrete value. For the functional ratios, the normalized residual was 21.72 ± 5.61%. Therefore, neither discrete ratio was representative of angle-specific ratios, although the conventional ratio had lower error overall. Therefore, practitioners should consider H:Q ratio throughout the full isokinetic range of motion, not just the discrete ratio calculated from peak joint moments, when designing and implementing training programs or monitoring injury risk, recovery from injury, and readiness to return to play.

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Isokinetic thigh muscles strength in semi-professional athletics: A one season prospective cohort study

Quintana-Cepedal,

Méndez-Suárez,

Medina-Sánchez

et al. 2023

Apunts Sports Medicine

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Angle specific analysis of hamstrings and quadriceps isokinetic torque identify residual deficits in soccer players following ACL reconstruction: a longitudinal investigation

Abstract: Angle specific analysis of hamstrings and quadriceps isokinetic torque identify residual deficits in soccer players following ACL reconstruction: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40 (8). pp. 871-877.

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative review

Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative review

Discrete Hamstring: Quadriceps Strength Ratios Do Not Represent Angle-Specific Ratios in Premier League Soccer Players

Isokinetic thigh muscles strength in semi-professional athletics: A one season prospective cohort study

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