Angle‐resolved XPS analysis of molybdenum and tungsten in passive films on stainless steel PVD alloys

Olsson, Claes; Mathieu, H. J.; Landolt, D.

doi:10.1002/sia.1268

Cited by 41 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…A detailed discussion of the XPS data reduction can be found elsewhere. 18 All four alloys showed a hydroxide layer coverage of about 0.5-0.7 nm, independent of the applied potential. This is consistent with findings by Wegrelius and Olefjord, 17 who used in vacuo transfer of the samples to the XPS analysis position.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Film Growth during Anodic Polarization in the Passive Region on 304 Stainless Steels with Cr, Mo, or W Additions Studied with EQCM and XPS

Olsson

Landolt

2001

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Anodic film growth in the passive region was studied using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance ͑EQCM͒ technique. Samples were produced using physical vapor deposition with the compositions of a 304L stainless steel with additions of 20 atom % Cr, Mo, or W. By simultaneous in situ recording of mass and current, it was possible to calculate the film thickness change and growth fractions in real time. These quantities were then used to interpret changes in film composition in real time. Whereas addition of Cr gave lower mass loss and smaller thickness changes, addition of either Mo or W increased the amount of material dissolved and also resulted in thicker passive films. These thickness changes were found to be consistent with growth characteristics suggested by growth control at either of the metal/film or film/electrolyte interfaces.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Film Growth during Anodic Polarization in the Passive Region on 304 Stainless Steels with Cr, Mo, or W Additions Studied with EQCM and XPS

Olsson

Landolt

2001

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[18d] These studies thus support that the major fraction of the surface oxides of molybdenum thin films fabricated by vacuum-based methods at high substrate temperatures and pressures (e.g., RF sputtering, molybdenum ion implantation) will be of MoO 3 along with MoO 2 . [45] 3. Electrochemical Behavior…”

Section: Molybdenum With Surface Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molybdenum, Molybdenum Oxides, and their Electrochemistry

2012

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The electrochemical behaviors of molybdenum and its oxides, both in bulk and thin film dimensions, are critical because of their widespread applications in steels, electrocatalysts, electrochromic materials, batteries, sensors, and solar cells. An important area of current interest is electrodeposited CIGS-based solar cells where a molybdenum/glass electrode forms the back contact. Surprisingly, the basic electrochemistry of molybdenum and its oxides has not been reviewed with due attention. In this Review, we assess the scattered information. The potential and pH dependent active, passive, and transpassive behaviors of molybdenum in aqueous media are explained. The major surface oxide species observed, reversible redox transitions of the surface oxides, pseudocapacitance and catalytic reduction are discussed along with carefully conducted experimental results on a typical molybdenum glass back contact employed in CIGS-based solar cells. The applications of molybdenum oxides and the electrodeposition of molybdenum are briefly reviewed.

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“…Details of the outcome from the XPS study performed with samples and Co-300 can be taken from the supporting information ( Figure S2). Binding energies of the corresponding reference compounds were extracted from literature 51,52,53 . Herewith, the discussion should be limited to the finding that all relevant alloying ingredients, such as Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, and W could be detected on the surface of untreated steel X20CoCrWMo10-9 ( Figures S2c, d, e, h, Table S5) whereas, for instance, W, Mo and Cr were completely suppressed on or close to the surface of sample Co-300 (Table S5).…”

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X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co₃O₄: a metal–ceramic composite with unique efficiency values for water-splitting in the neutral regime

Schäfer

Chevrier

Kuepper

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

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In spite of the drastic oil price collapse in the second half of 2014 resulting in a price below 30 $/barrel in January 2016 1 , the exploration of promising renewable energy sources for the Abstract: Water splitting allows the storage of solar energy into chemical bonds (H 2 +O 2 ) and will help to implement the urgently needed replacement of limited available fossil fuels. Particularly in neutral environment electrochemically initiated water splitting suffers from low efficiency due to high overpotentials (η) caused by the anode. Electro-activation of X20CoCrWMo10-9, a Co-based tool steel resulted in a new composite material (X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co 3 O 4 ) that catalyzes the anode half-cell reaction of water electrolysis with a so far-, unequalled effectiveness. The current density achieved with this new anode in pH 7 corrected 0.1 M phosphate buffer is over a wide range of η around 10 times higher compared to recently developed, up-to-date electrocatalysts and represents the benchmark performance advanced catalysts show in regimes that support water splitting significantly better than pH 7 medium. X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co 3 O 4 exhibited electrocatalyticproperties not only at pH 7, but also at pH 13, which is much superior to the ones of IrO 2 -RuO 2 , single-phase Co 3 O 4 -or Fe/Ni-based catalysts. Both XPS and FT-IR experiments unmasked Co 3 O 4 as the dominating compound on the surface of the X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co 3 O 4 composite. Upon a comprehensive dual beam FIB-SEM (focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy) study we could show that the new composite does not exhibit a classical substrate-layer structure due to the intrinsic formation of the Co-enriched outer zone. This structural particularity is basically responsible for the outstanding electrocatalytic OER performance.2 future is one of the significant challenges for scientists and engineers concerned with energy issues research. Splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen by exploiting solar energy transforms water to an inexhaustible and environmental friendly fuel source 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 .Electrocatalytically initiated hydrogen-and oxygen formation from water is considered an important realization of this solar to fuel conversion route 10,11,12 but is typically hampered by the high overpotentials oxygen evolution on the anode side goes with 13,14 . This is particularly true when the electrochemical cleavage of more or less untreated water is intended-; hence, when the splitting procedure is carried out at neutral pH value. 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24 . Scheme 1 gives some idea of the position of current heterogeneous catalysts in terms of their efficiency regarding OER in neutral regime. The significant improvement of the voltage-current behavior can be taken from both-, the non-steady state ( Figure 1a) as well as the steady state polarization (Figure 1b) experiments. Results OER properties in neutral mediumThe CV of sample Co-300 shows along the entire curve substantially stronger current to voltage ratio than the CV of sample Co and reached, at the upper...

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Angle‐resolved XPS analysis of molybdenum and tungsten in passive films on stainless steel PVD alloys

Cited by 41 publications

References 13 publications

Film Growth during Anodic Polarization in the Passive Region on 304 Stainless Steels with Cr, Mo, or W Additions Studied with EQCM and XPS

Film Growth during Anodic Polarization in the Passive Region on 304 Stainless Steels with Cr, Mo, or W Additions Studied with EQCM and XPS

Molybdenum, Molybdenum Oxides, and their Electrochemistry

X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co₃O₄: a metal–ceramic composite with unique efficiency values for water-splitting in the neutral regime

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Angle‐resolved XPS analysis of molybdenum and tungsten in passive films on stainless steel PVD alloys

Cited by 41 publications

References 13 publications

Film Growth during Anodic Polarization in the Passive Region on 304 Stainless Steels with Cr, Mo, or W Additions Studied with EQCM and XPS

Film Growth during Anodic Polarization in the Passive Region on 304 Stainless Steels with Cr, Mo, or W Additions Studied with EQCM and XPS

Molybdenum, Molybdenum Oxides, and their Electrochemistry

X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co3O4: a metal–ceramic composite with unique efficiency values for water-splitting in the neutral regime

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Product

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X20CoCrWMo10-9//Co₃O₄: a metal–ceramic composite with unique efficiency values for water-splitting in the neutral regime