Angiotensins in obesity

Adipose tissue plasticity mediated by the counterregulatory axis of the renin‐angiotensin system: Role of Mas and MrgD receptors

“…While the expansion of sWAT may offer some protection against certain aspects of metabolic dysfunction, the expansion of vWAT is related to metabolic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (Abraham et al, 2015;Alexandre-Santos et al, 2023). This tissue is mainly composed of white adipocytes (Gustafson & Smith, 2015), that are large (up to 100 µm diameter) and unilocular cells, with sparse mitochondria and an elongated nucleus in the periphery, as schematized in Figure 2 (Junqueira & Carneiro, 2017).…”

“…There are two types of WATs, subcutaneous (sWAT) and visceral (vWAT), that are classified primarily based on their anatomical location (Gil et al, 2011). While the expansion of sWAT may offer some protection against certain aspects of metabolic dysfunction, the expansion of vWAT is related to metabolic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (Abraham et al, 2015; Alexandre‐Santos et al, 2023).…”

“…These cells present receptors for several hormones in the cytoplasmic membrane, all of which influence energy homeostasis (Gartner & Hiatt, 2007). Xiao et al (2020) and Alexandre‐Santos et al (2023) carefully revised WAT morphology.…”

“…Beyond changes in cell number and size, adipocyte dysfunction causes an imbalance in the inflammatory status, with increased proinflammatory mediators, stimulation of macrophage infiltration (particularly M1 proinflammatory phenotype), and decreased anti‐inflammatory cytokines (Alexandre‐Santos et al, 2023). The RAS classical axis plays a key role in inflammation, given that several studies suggest that Ang II might have a direct effect in inducing inflammation, or an indirect effect related to adipose tissue expansion (Bargut et al, 2017).…”

“…However, the regulation of BAT RAS in pathophysiological conditions has not been completely elucidated to its full extent. In particular, the novel peptides and receptors that are now known to be part of RAS remain a challenge, partly because their biological effects have not been entirely explored (Alexandre‐Santos et al, 2023), especially in BAT, as summarized in Table 2.…”