Angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and risk of psychiatric disorders

Abstract

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as an important enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system facilitates biogenesis of the functionally active product angiotensin II from angiotensin I. ACE gene contains a number of functional polymorphisms which modulate activity of the encoded protein. In the current case–control study, we appraised the association between the rs4359 and rs1799752 polymorphisms and risk of bipolar disorder (type I and type II; BPDI and BPDII), schizophrenia (SCZ) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The rs4359 was associated with risk of OCD, BPDI and BPDII in co-dominant and dominant models. The rs1799752 was associated with all assessed psychiatric conditions in four inheritance models except for BPDII whose association was not significant in recessive model. The I allele of rs1799752 was associated with OCD (adjusted FDR q-Value = 4.04E-04), SCZ (adjusted FDR q-Value = 6.00E-06), BPDI (adjusted FDR q-Value = 8.40E-03) and BPDII (adjusted FDR q-Value = 6.00E-06). The effective T allele of rs4359 showed a significant association with disease risk for BPDII group. The estimated haplotypes of these polymorphisms have been distributed differently among patients and controls. Taken together, ACE polymorphisms can be regarded as risk factors for a variety of psychiatric disorders.

Angiotensin‐converting enzymes as druggable features of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders

“…Conversely, other studies have also found evidence that carrying at least one D‐allele provides protection against SCZ, either generally (Crescenti et al, 2009) or specifically in women (Mazaheri & Saadat, 2015), while this polymorphism was not associated with SCZ in a Croatian population, but with a significant impact of the polymorphism on the clinical expression of the illness (Nadalin et al, 2012). Additionally, one study found the ACE I/D polymorphism to be associated with onset of SCZ, obsessive–compulsive disorder, BD type I and type II, suggesting that this ACE functional polymorphism can be regarded as a risk factor for a variety of psychiatric disorders (Akbari et al, 2022).…”

“…Several studies have explored the association between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and BD leading the authors to recognize that further studies are still necessary to confirm this association, in which a meta‐analysis suggested a possible association at least in Asian populations (Zou et al, 2011). Another ACE polymorphism, rs4359, was associated with risk of BD (both type I and type II) as well as obsessive–compulsive disorder, in co‐dominant and dominant models (Akbari et al, 2022).…”

Association of MAOA Gene Polymorphisms with aggressive behaviors of some prisoners in Erbil city / Kurdistan region, Iraq

“…Other polymorphisms can be much larger, involving longer stretches of DNA (Collins, Brooks, & Chakravarti, 1998). The genetic polymorphism present in the human genome has been linked to a variety of diseases (Akbari, Badrlou, et al, 2022;Ghafouri-Fard et al, 2022;Hussen et al, 2021;Qader et al, 2021;Taheri et al, 2022) such as psychiatric disorders (Akbari, Eghtedarian, et al, 2022). Recent developments in neurocriminology have revealed new aspects, including the possibility of genetic influences on violent criminal conduct (Coppola, 2018).…”