Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D dimorphism does not play a major role in the susceptibility of Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes systemic damage, involving auto-reactive antibodies and over-deposition of immune complexes. Susceptibility to SLE is believed to be multifactorial, and genetics is one of the proven etiological factors; it can affect SLE development, severity and prognosis. We investigated a possible association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and susceptibility to SLE in the Malaysian population. PCR was employed for the determination of I/D dimorphism of this gene. The I allele was more frequent than the D allele in both the SLE patients (N = 170) and healthy controls (N = 190). However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of these two alleles between both groups studied (χ 2 = 0.284, P > 0.05). Interestingly, the DD homozygous genotype scored notably higher in the healthy control group (χ 2 = 7.568, P < 0.05), while the ID heterozygote was observed to be significantly associated with SLE (χ 2 = 11.143, P < 0.05). In conclusion, with respect to the Malaysian population, the DD genotype might play a protective role in the development of SLE while in contrast, those who carry the ID genotype might be at potential risk for onset of this disease.

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

“…A similar result was reported in a Malaysian population, that DD genotype is a protective factor for SLE development (OR 0.43) while ID genotype predicts risk of the disease (OR 2.07). 30 Moreover, there is no association between ACE genotype and disease severity, which is in contrast to previous studies. 3,23 In addition, the influence of ACE genotypes on the progression of LN was determined by comparing the clinical and pathological findings in a Chinese population.…”

“…Interestingly, ID genotype is associated with LN susceptibility (OR 1.77). A similar result was reported in a Malaysian population, that DD genotype is a protective factor for SLE development (OR 0.43) while ID genotype predicts risk of the disease (OR 2.07) . Moreover, there is no association between ACE genotype and disease severity, which is in contrast to previous studies .…”

“…The reason for these contradictory results is not clear. It may be due to the effect of ACE gene polymorphism in different ethnicities and the influence of polygenic genes on SLE susceptibility in individuals . Moreover, environmental factors, which are also different across continents, can contribute to disease susceptibility.…”

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene D/I Polymorphism in Relation to Endothelial Function and Endothelial-Released Factors in Chinese Women

“…ACE gene D/I polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA samples were extracted using 5% chelex-100 (165 μl) and proteinase K (3 μl, 20 mg/μl) and amplified using the forward primer of 5’-CTG GAG ACC ACT CCC ATC CTT TCT-3’ and the reverse primer 5’-GAT GTG GCC ATC ACA TTC GTC AGA T-3’ ( Lian et al, 2012 ). The PCR reaction system (15 μl) consisted of ddH 2 O (10.8 μl), dNTP (1.2 μl), 10 × buffer (1.5 μl), TAKARA HS Taq polymerase (0.1 μl), each primer (0.2 μl), and template (1.0 μl).…”

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene I/D Polymorphism Is Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

“…Considering its important role in SLE development, several case-control studies have recently examined the effect of ACE I/D polymorphism on the risk of SLE in different populations. However, due to lack of consistency, their results remained inconclusive (Guan et al, 1997; Sato et al, 1998; Tassiulas et al, 1998; Akai et al, 1999; Pullmann et al, 1999; Molad et al, 2000; Kaufman et al, 2001; Prkacin et al, 2001; Uhm et al, 2002; Douglas et al, 2004; Shin, 2004; El-Shafeey et al, 2005; Saeed et al, 2005; Sprovieri and Sens, 2005; Al-Awadhi et al, 2007; Rabbani et al, 2008; Hussain et al, 2010; Abbas et al, 2012; Gong et al, 2012; Lian et al, 2012; Salimi et al, 2012; Topete-Reyes et al, 2013; Negi et al, 2015; Pradhan et al, 2015; Pitipakorn et al, 2016). The inconsistency in their results may be attributed to their probable small sample sizes with petite statistical power.…”