Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Hypertension: A Systemic Analysis of Various ACE Inhibitors, Their Side Effects, and Bioactive Peptides as a Putative Therapy for Hypertension

Abstract

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, produce atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney infection, blindness, end-stage renal infection, and cardiovascular diseases. Many mechanisms are involved in causing hypertension, i.e., via calcium channels, alpha and beta receptors, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS has an important role in blood pressure control and is also involved in the metabolism of glucose, homeostasis, and balance of electrolytes in the body. The components of RAS that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure are angiotensinogen, Ang I (angiotensin I), Ang II (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), and ACE 2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). These components provide for relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension, and various drugs are commercially available that target individual components of RAS. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors are the most popular among these drugs. ACE is chosen in this review as it makes an important target for blood pressure control because it converts Ang I into Ang II and also acts on the vasodilator, bradykinin, to degrade it into inactive peptides. This review highlights various aspects of blood pressure regulation in the body with a focus on ACE, drugs targeting the components involved in regulation, their associated side effects, and a need to shift to alternative therapy for putative hypertension treatment in the form of bioactive peptides from food.

Single and Combined Aluminium and Cadmium Exposure during Pregnancy Mediate Changes in Cardio Metabolic Indices in Mice

“…(Balestrino, 2021). Angiotensin converting enzyme is an important enzyme that functions in the regulation of blood pressure by controlling the rate of fluid cum blood flow from the arteries to the body (Danilzyk et al 2004;Ahmad et al 2023). A significantly elevated activity of ACE in the Al group may be linked to early onset of sarcoidosis by the prenatal aluminium exposed to the mice.…”

Exploring peptidomes of by-products generated during chhurpi production using Lactobacillus delbrueckii WS4 for identification of novel bioactive peptides

“…Synthetic ACE inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of hypertension globally. 30 However, the antihypertensive potency of these drugs is overshadowed by several reported adverse effects including hypotension, weakened immune system, and organ failure. 31 Thus, there is a need to shift hypertension treatment by employing natural ACE inhibitors that are devoid of side effects.…”

Effects of n‐hexane fraction of Piper guineense seed extract on Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride‐induced hypertension in rats

“…Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibition is a primary target for antihypertensive food‐derived phenolics, proposed as an alternative to pharmaceuticals 39 . Hypertension's etiology involves Angiotensin II (ANG II) production facilitated by ACE, a potent vasoconstrictor.…”

“…Hypertension's etiology involves Angiotensin II (ANG II) production facilitated by ACE, a potent vasoconstrictor. Persistent ANG II production exerts pressure, leading to elevated blood pressure 39 . Oral L‐NAME administration activated the renin‐angiotensin system by increasing ACE (Figure 4.29).…”