“…For longer procedures, with good hydration and normal renal function, this amount has been exceeded without causing adverse effects. 36 Besides the side effects attributable to hyperosmolality and also the chemical toxicity of the iodinated contrast, contrast materials can cause anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. These include hives and urticaria, but may also result in laryngeal edema, bronchospasm and circulatory collapse requiring treatment with epinephrine, steroids and intubation.…”