Angiogenesis in patients with craniopharyngiomas

Abstract

The functional single‐coordinate phosphine oxide ligands (4‐diphenylaminophenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (TAPO), (4‐naphthalen‐1‐yl‐phenylaminophenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (NaDAPO), and 9‐[4‐(diphenylphosphinoyl)phenyl]‐9H‐carbazole (CPPO), as the direct combinations of hole‐transporting moieties, and electron‐transporting triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were designed and synthesized (amines or carbazole), together with their EuIII complexes [Eu(tapo)2(tta)3] (1), [Eu(nadapo)2(tta)3] (2), and [Eu(cppo)2(tta)3] (3; TTA: 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetonate). The investigation indicated that by taking advantage of the modification inertia of the phosphine oxide ligands, the direct introduction of the hole‐transport groups as chromophore made TAPO, NaDAPO, and CPPO obtain the most compact structure and mezzo S1 and T1 energy levels, which improved the intramolecular energy transfer in their EuIII complexes. The amorphous phase of 1–3 proved the weak intermolecular interaction, which resulted in extraordinarily low self‐quenching of the complexes. The excellent double‐carrier transport ability of the ligands was studied with Gaussian calculations, and the bipolar structure of TAPO and CPPO was proved. The great improvement of the double‐carrier transport ability of 1–3 was shown by cyclic voltammetry. Their HOMO and LUMO energy levels of around 5.3 and 3.0 eV, respectively, are the best results for EuIII complexes reported so far. A single‐layer organic light‐emitting diode of 2 had the impressive brightness of 59 cd m−2 which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest reported so far. Both of the four‐layer devices based on pure 1 and 2 had a maximum brightness of more than 1000 cd m−2, turn‐on voltages lower than 5 V, maximum external quantum yields of more than 3 % and excellent spectral stability.

Molecular pathology of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma: review and opportunities for practice

“…2,13,51,[55][56][57] One functional study using a corneal angiogenesis assay revealed that recurrent ACP samples had a significantly higher angiogenic potential than nonrecurrent ACP, but less than glioblastoma multiforme or arteriovenous malformations. 51 Imatinib-loaded microspheres reduced neovascularization in this model, but the use of this or other antiangiogenic approaches in patients has not been reported in the literature.…”

Molecular oncogenesis of craniopharyngioma: current and future strategies for the development of targeted therapies

“…Compared with primary tumors, recurrent tumors display increased expression of growth factors and their receptors that normally regulate cellular proliferation, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor-a (PDGFR-a) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). 82,90,94 Upregulation of angiogenesis is another requirement for recurrence, as suggested by the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in recurrent tumors. 98 b-catenin is a regulator of VEGF in other cancers 27 and likely mediates the angiogenic potential of craniopharyngioma cells via this mechanism.…”

Running Head: Craniopharyngioma and Immune Response

“…Therefore, preventing the tumor cells from adapting to the hypoxic conditions may be an effective way to obviate the relapse of craniopharyngioma. Various studies have shown that the formation of new blood vessels, the angiogenesis, plays a significant role in tumor progression [24]. Possibly the cellular adaptation to hypoxia is a key factor of angiogenesis under hypoxic microenvironment within craniopharyngioma [19,23,24].…”