Angina bullosa haemorrhagica: a systematic review and proposal for diagnostic criteria

Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica: Post-traumatic Swelling in the Oral Cavity—A Case Report

“…This vasodilatation combined with the frail mucosa of the soft palate and the trauma of chewing hard food may easily lead to bleeding. 2,5 ABH is also reported after other traumas in the oral cavity, such as surgical procedures by dentists, thermic injury, and intubation. 2,4,5 Other contributing factors might be long-term usage of inhalation steroids, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, which may lead to oral mucosa atrophy.…”

“…2,5 ABH is also reported after other traumas in the oral cavity, such as surgical procedures by dentists, thermic injury, and intubation. 2,4,5 Other contributing factors might be long-term usage of inhalation steroids, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, which may lead to oral mucosa atrophy. 3,4,[7][8][9][10] The isolated nature of the swelling, typical clinical presentation, and rapid healing process of the blister are often sufficient to diagnose ABH.…”

“…2 The male-to-female ratio is about 1:1, and it is mostly seen in patients aged between 45 and 70 years. [1][2][3][4] ABH is characterized by rapidly developing blue and/or purple blisters around 2-3 cm in diameter. These blisters mostly develop on the soft palate, although localization on the hard palate, tongue, and cheek mucosa is also described.…”

“…These blisters mostly develop on the soft palate, although localization on the hard palate, tongue, and cheek mucosa is also described. 2,[4][5][6] The lesions are painless, but can be preceded by a burning sensation. The blisters rupture spontaneously within 24-48 hours.…”

“…[3][4][5] The differential diagnosis of ABH can be divided into three categories as shown in Table 1: hematological diseases, blistering disorders, and other. 1,2,6 Hematological causes can be distinguished from ABH using clinical presentation and previously described laboratory tests. Other bleeding manifestations such as hematuria or epistaxis may be concomitant symptoms, guiding the clinician in the differential diagnosis.…”