Anesthetics, tranquillizers and opioid analgesics

Mason, Diane

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-2484-9.50019-5

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…They may be located presynaptically at nerve terminals, where they play a role in negative feedback of norepinephrine release, which is their primary role in the central nervous system (CNS). The α 2 adrenoceptors can be located postsynaptically, where they respond to norepinephrine or circulating catecholamines (Mason 2004). The pharmacological effects of the α 2 agonists in horses are well described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular effects of N‐butylscopolammonium bromide and xylazine in horses

Morton¹,

Varney

Ekiri

et al. 2011

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing study: N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) and xylazine are commonly used medications for the treatment of spasmodic colic and other forms of abdominal pain in horses. Both NBB and xylazine exert significant effects on the cardiovascular system and other vital systems of horses. Objective: To evaluate the effects of i.v. administration of NBB, xylazine, and the combination of NBB and xylazine on heart rate, other commonly measured physiological parameters, cardiac rhythm and blood pressure. Methods: Six mature horses of mixed breed were used. In a random cross-over design, each horse was given 0.3 mg/kg bwt of NBB i.v., 0.25 mg/kg bwt xylazine i.v., and a combination of 0.3 mg/kg bwt NBB and 0.25 mg/kg bwt xylazine. Heart rate, physiological parameters, cardiac rhythm and indirect blood pressure were recorded at timed intervals before and 60 min following administration. Results: Heart rate and blood pressure were significantly elevated immediately following administration of NBB or NBB with xylazine. Administration of NBB with xylazine resulted in significantly greater initial and peak blood pressure values than with NBB alone. Administration of xylazine resulted in a decrease in heart rate, with an initial increase in blood pressure followed by a decrease in blood pressure. Sinus tachycardia was seen with NBB, and NBB and xylazine administration. First and second degree atrioventricular block was identified with xylazine administration. Ventricular tachycardia was identified in one horse following NBB and xylazine administration. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that the effects of administration of NBB alone or in combination with xylazine to horses with colic, especially to those with systemic cardiovascular compromise, should be considered carefully to assess condition and predict prognosis accurately, and to avoid potential adverse effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular effects of N‐butylscopolammonium bromide and xylazine in horses

Morton¹,

Varney

Ekiri

et al. 2011

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…This, in turn, was selected based on results from a survey of equine veterinary surgeons in the UK indicating that butorphanol was the most commonly used opioid in donkeys . The doses of xylazine and butorphanol used in this study are recommended for standing chemical restraint in horses and that of xylazine is known to induced sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia in donkeys for about 45 min and 30 min, respectively .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of butorphanol in xylazine‐premedicated donkeys

Lizarraga

Castillo-Alcala

2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…The transient and marked decrease of temperature during inhalation anesthesia was attributed to the depression of the thermoregulatory center caused by isoflurane and XYL, and also to the cutaneous vasodilation produced by ACP, which predisposed to the heat loss 19,20,21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redução significante dos valores de hematócrito em equinos saudáveis durante anestesia

Ambrósio

Ida

Souto

et al. 2012

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Xylazine (XYL) and acepromazine (ACP) are known to decrease the hematocrit (HT) of horses when administered alone. However in routine anesthesia these drugs are administered by associations which ultimate effect in the HT is unknown but may cause false impressions about the hydration status, blood loss and red blood cell indices. The objective of this study was to characterize the values of HT in horses anesthetized with XYL, ACP, ketamine, midazolam, guaiphenesin, isoflurane and ephedrine. Twenty healthy horses were premedicated with either XYL 0.8 mg/kg (XYL group, n=10) or XYL 0.5 mg/kg plus ACP 0.05 mg/kg (XYL+ACP group, n=10). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine, midazolam and guaiphenesin and maintained with isoflurane. Ephedrine was infused for cardiovascular support. HT, vital parameters and blood gas values were evaluated at baseline, between each drug administration, after standing and 24 hours after baseline (24hBL). The HT started to decrease 17 and 40 minutes after premedication in XYL group and XYL+ACP group, respectively (p<0.05). The maximum decrease of 19% in XYL group and 17% in XYL+ACP group was observed after 1 hour of premedication (p<0.05). In both groups HT remained low for longer than 180 minutes and returned to baseline at 24hBL. A significant HT decrease should be considered in anesthetized healthy horses receiving XYL, ACP, ketamine, midazolam, guaiphenesin, isoflurane and ephedrine.Keywords: Horse. Hematocrit. Packed cell volume. Xylazine. Acepromazine. ResumoA administração isolada de xilazina (XIL) e acepromazina (ACP) pode diminuir o hematócrito (HT) de equinos. Na rotina anestésica, estes fármacos são administrados em associações, cujo efeito final no HT não é conhecido, mas pode causar falsas impressões sobre o grau de hidratação, perda sanguínea e índices hematimétricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os valores de HT de equinos anestesiados com XYL, ACP, cetamina, midazolam, EGG, isofluorano e efedrina. Vinte equinos hígidos foram pré-tratados com XIL 0,8 mg/kg (grupo XIL, n=10) ou XIL 0,5 mg/kg associada à ACP 0,05 mg/kg (grupo XIL+ACP, n=10). A anestesia foi induzida com cetamina, midazolam e EGG e mantida com isofluorano. A efedrina foi utilizada para suporte cardiovascular. O HT, parâmetros vitais e hemogasometria foram avaliados no momento basal, entre administração de cada fármaco, após retorno à posição quadrupedal e 24 horas após momento basal (24hBL). A diminuição do HT iniciou-se 17 e 40 minutos após administração da medicação pré-anestésica no grupo XIL e grupo XIL+ACP, respectivamente (p<0,05). A queda máxima de 19% no grupo XIL e 17% no grupo XIL+ACP foi observada após 1 hora da administração da medicação pré-anestésica (p<0,05). Em ambos os grupos, o HT permaneceu baixo por mais de 180 minutos e retornou aos valores basais em 24hBL. Deve-se considerar a ocorrência de uma redução significativa do HT em equinos hígidos anestesiados com XYL, ACP, cetamina, midazolam, EGG, isofluorano e efedrina.Palavras-chave: Equino. Hematócrito. Volume Globular. ...

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Anesthetics, tranquillizers and opioid analgesics

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Cardiovascular effects of N‐butylscopolammonium bromide and xylazine in horses

Cardiovascular effects of N‐butylscopolammonium bromide and xylazine in horses

Sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of butorphanol in xylazine‐premedicated donkeys

Redução significante dos valores de hematócrito em equinos saudáveis durante anestesia

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