“…Interventions include gastrostomy, cataract surgery, thyroid lobectomy, lipoma excision, cochlear implantation, amongst others. 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 Complications after anaesthesia have been reported, but the rarity of the disease, genetic and clinical heterogeneity of patients, ad hoc nature of disease management, and comorbid neurologic and metabolic sequelae greatly limit efforts to define VA-induced toxicities in the clinic. Accordingly, animal studies are of great utility for probing disease mechanisms and testing the effects of anaesthetics.…”