Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night

Abstract

There was an error published in J. Exp. Biol. 216,[970][971][972][973][974][975][976]. Fig. 3 included some additional text. The correct figure is displayed below. Fig.3. Effects of water flow rate on the dark maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 ,max, mean ± 1 s.e.m.) of bulb-tentacle sea anemones (E. quadricolor) in flowthrough respirometry. Mean VO 2 ,max=114.21±13.89μmolO2h -1 . VO 2 ,max values at 0.5 and 1.0cms -1 were significantly different (*P<0.05).We apologise to the authors and readers for any confusion that this error may have caused.

Host identity and symbiotic association affects the genetic and functional diversity of the clownfish-hosting sea anemone microbiome

“…Regardless of its origin here, and whether or not it reflects a beneficial aspect of the symbiosis, the degree to which microbial communities differ in ARA functions is a striking metabolic signal that the microbial communities on host sea anemones are responding to clownfish presence. Minimally, this finding is consistent with the literature that clownfish presence has a significant impact on the metabolism and physiology of the host anemone [28-29; 47-48].…”

“…Eicosanoid lipids participate in an oxidative stress response and are hypothesized to play a role in the oxidative stress response in symbiotic cnidarians [43-44]. It is well documented that clownfish symbionts increase gas transfer and oxygenate their host anemones while also passing organic wastes to their anemone hosts, which functionally act as fertilizers for endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae [28-29]. It is not inconceivable that the increase in oxygen free radicals produced by fish movements through the host, and by the oxygen produced as waste during photosynthesis, could stimulate a metabolic response by the host anemone that mimics an oxidative stress response.…”

“…Clownfishes are considered obligate symbionts of sea anemones, have evolved a range of host specificities, and are never found solitarily [21, 27]. Anemones in contrast, while receiving substantial benefits from hosting clownfishes [28, 29], can be found solitarily [25].…”

Experimental bleaching of a tropical sea anemone in situ

“…In any case, we were successful in developing and field-testing a method for in situ induction of bleaching, which was the sole objective of this study. Anemonefish provide anemones with a range of benefits, including protection from predators and supply of oxygen and nutrients (Godwin & Fautin 1992;Cleveland et al 2011;Szczebak et al 2013). As a result, anemones that host anemonefish tend to live longer, grow faster and harbour higher densities of zooxanthellae, which have implications for the size and colour of anemones (Holbrook & Schmitt 2005;Porat & Chadwick-Furman 2005).…”

Modern biomimicries

“…Clownfish excretions can benefit the anemone. It has also been found that the clownfish at night fans water to the anemone and thus improves its oxygen supply [45]. A clownfish gets its anemone in its earliest days.…”