Anemia Prevalence and Risk Factors in Pregnant Women in an Urban Area of Pakistan

Baig‐Ansari, Naila; Badruddin, S H; Karmaliani, Rozina; Harris, Hillary; Jehan, Imtiaz; Pasha, Omrana; Moss, Nancy; McClure, Elizabeth M.; Goldenberg, Robert L.

doi:10.1177/156482650802900207

Cited by 186 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This finding is in line with studies conducted in Pakistan [26] and Brasil [27]. This was not unexpected, where women often need to work outside the home because of low family income.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya

Okube¹,

Mirie²,

Odhiambo³

et al. 2016

OJOG

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Background: Anaemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases observed globally and affects more than a quarter of the world's population. Globally, 41.8% pregnant women and close to one third of non-pregnant women (30.2%) are anaemic. Anaemia during pregnancy contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths and it increases the risks of foetal, neonatal and overall infant mortality. In Kenya, according to the Ministry of Health, the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women is 55.1%. Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) at Pumwani Maternity Hospital (PMH). Methodology: A hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from 8 th June to 18 th August, 2015. Systematic random sampling method was used to select 258 pregnant women. Mothers who attended ANC during the study period and who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed and a capillary blood sample was taken. Hemoglobin level was determined by using HemoCue photometer. Data were cleaned, coded and fed into SPSS Version 20.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to describe selected variables. Pearson's chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) computed to find association between independent and dependent variables. Multivariate analysis was done to determine factors significantly and independently predicting * Corresponding author. O. T. Okube et al. 17anaemia during pregnancy. Results: The present study revealed that the prevalence of anaemia among the pregnant women was 57%. Advanced maternal age (>31 years) (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI = 1.25 -5.88; P = 0.012) more than 18 -24 years, government/private employed women (AOR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.47 -5.88; P = 0.002) and self-employed women (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.03 -3.53; P = 0.039) compared to housewives, not taking iron/folic acid supplementation (IFAS) (AOR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.14 -3.64; P = 0.016) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) less than 23 cm (AOR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.36 -4.67; P = 0.003) were found to be predictors of anaemia. Conclusion: Anaemia among pregnant women is found to be severe public health problem based on the World Health Organization classification of anaemia. Advanced age, employment, not taking IFAS during the current pregnancy and MUAC of less than 23 cm were significantly and independently associated with anaemia during pregnancy. Thus, special attention should be given to pregnant women who are employed and advanced in age. Moreover, they should be educated on the importance of taking iron and folic acid during pregnancy.

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“…This finding is in line with studies conducted in Pakistan [26] and Brasil [27]. This was not unexpected, where women often need to work outside the home because of low family income.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya

Okube¹,

Mirie²,

Odhiambo³

et al. 2016

OJOG

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“…Coverage for all of them was 59%, ranging from 47 to 67% among those who had less than six prenatal visits during and among those who received prenatal care in the public health system, respectively. It is even more interesting to note that the lowest prevalence observed in relation to receiving supplementation with ferrous sulfate occurred almost entirely in mothers known to have the lowest risk of adverse outcomes during prenatal and childbirth, such as mothers who were not in their teens, had white skin, with a higher number of children and supplemented with vitamins, besides, of course, those who received prenatal care in the private health system, who have a higher socioeconomic status [9][10][11]20 . This finding is contrary to what was observed in other studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies approaching this disease seek to determine the effectiveness of supplementation with ferrous sulfate on the hemoglobin levels 3,4,7 and identify the risk factors associated with anemia. These factors include younger age, low socioeconomic status and inadequate living and sanitation conditions, lack of prenatal care or late initiation of prenatal consultations, little weight gain during pregnancy, history of previous miscarriages or stillbirths, diet low in protein, comorbidity during pregnancy, particularly verminoses, among others [9][10][11] . Despite these numerous studies, none of them attempted to identify factors associated with intake of ferrous sulfate supplementation in government programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron supplementation among pregnant women: results from a population-based survey study

César

Dumith

Cesar

et al. 2013

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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Objectives: To measure the prevalence and risk factors associated with iron supplementation among pregnant women in the municipality of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. Methods: All mothers living in this municipality who had children in 2007 were surveyed for demographic, socioeconomic and health care received during pregnancy and childbirth. The statistical analysis consisted of Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance, and the measure of effect was prevalence ratio (PR). Results: Among the 2,557 mothers interviewed (99% of total), 59% were supplemented with iron during pregnancy period. After adjusting for various confounding factors, a higher PR to iron supplementation was observed among teenagers, women with black skin color, primigravidae, who had six or more antenatal visits, who performed prenatal care in public sector and received vitamin during pregnancy. Conclusion: There is a clear need to increase the iron supplementation coverage of all pregnant women, especially among those currently considered with low gestational risk. Keywords

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“…[3][4][5][6][7] Iron deficiency anaemia is an important public health problem for pregnant women, living in developing countries, affecting 2/3rd of pregnant women and contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality and to low birth weight. [8][9] Iron deficiency (IDA) is the most common and primary cause of anaemia. IDA prevalence indicates the nutritional status of a community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Maternal and Perinatal outcome in moderate to severe degree iron deficiency anaemia in rural community

Bangal¹,

Aher²,

Bhosale³

et al. 2016

Int J of Biomed & Adv Res

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Background: Anaemia is the commonest medical disorder associated with pregnancy. It contributes to one fifth of the maternal deaths and large number of preterm deliveries and low birth weight babies in India. Objectives: To study maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by anaemia. Setting-Tertiary care teaching hospital in central India. Study Design: Prospective observational study. Material and Methods: Study was conducted for a period of two years from September 2012 to August 2014. A total of 1644 pregnant women were screened for evidence of iron deficiency anaemia. Maternal and perinatal outcome of women with moderate to severe anaemia was analyzed. Statistical analysis: was done by finding out percentages, proportions, Mean and Standard deviation (SD), Chi square test. Results: Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 49.40%. Mild, moderate and severe degree of anaemia was seen in 19.46%, 25.06% and 04.86% cases respectively. The incidence of preterm delivery and low birth weight babies was two times more than women with normal haemoglobin values. The perinatal mortality and morbidity among babies born to anaemic women was high. There was no maternal mortality in the present study. Conclusion:The study revealed that anaemic women are more prone for life threatening obstetric and medical complications, preterm labour, low birth weight babies and perinatal morbidity and mortality., Strengthening the peripheral health care delivery system, regular antenatal care, high risk pregnancy identification, oral and parenteral iron therapy and institutional deliveries can reduce the incidence of anaemia and the resultant morbidity and mortality.

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Anemia Prevalence and Risk Factors in Pregnant Women in an Urban Area of Pakistan

Cited by 186 publications

References 17 publications

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the Second and Third Trimesters at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya

Iron supplementation among pregnant women: results from a population-based survey study

Study of Maternal and Perinatal outcome in moderate to severe degree iron deficiency anaemia in rural community

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