Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its major constituent andrographolide as potential antiviral agents

Jiang, Maoyuan; Sheng, Feiya; Zhang, Zhen; Ma, Xiao; Gao, Tianhui; Fu, Chaomei; Li, Peng

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.113954

Cited by 68 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Andrographis paniculata is one of the important medicinal species in Thailand according to its use value (UV) ( Phumthum et al, 2018 ). Although the plant is used by both ethnic groups in completely different ways ( Figure 3 ), it provides a tremendous information on treatments of mild COVID-19 symptoms and it has antiviral activities, especially for coronaviruses ( Shi et al, 2020 ; Bhattacharya et al, 2021 ; Jiang et al, 2021 ). Other plants, such as Mimosa pigra which is used for treatment of fever by the Karen, Hedyotis acutangular and Pseudelephantopus spicatus which are used to treat cough by the Hmong, and Cassia fistula which is used to treat diarrhea by the Hmong, are interesting candidates because of their abundant uses in treatments of specific symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Mild Covid-19 Symptoms Among Thai Karen and Hmong

2021

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is causing many severe problems globally, and it is not known for how long it will last. The only hope we have for dealing with the problem is to produce sufficient vaccines and administer them efficiently. However, the current demand for vaccines greatly exceeds the supply, and many people will suffer from the disease for still some time. Moreover, the period for immunity obtained by the vaccines remains unknown, and we cannot predict how long the world will suffer the COVID-19 infections. Therefore, there will be a continued demand for treatments of its symptoms. An alternative solution for providing such treatment is the use of traditional medicinal plants.Aims: To document medicinal plants used by Hmong and Karen in Thailand to treat mild symptoms of COVID-19.Methods: Traditional knowledge about ethnomedicinal plants used by Hmong and Karen in Thailand for treating mild symptoms listed by WHO as associated with COVID 19, was collected in field interviews and extracted from the literature.Results: We identified 491 plant species used medicinally by both ethnic groups to treat fever, cough, diarrhea, muscle pain and ache, rash, headache, sore throat, and conjunctivitis. Of the 491 species 60 were mentioned at least five times in the literature or in our field data. Of these 60 species, we propose the most commonly used ones for treatments of mild COVID-19 symptoms. Ten of these most commonly mentioned species were used for treatments of fever, nine for treatment of cough, four for treatment of diarrhea, two for treatment of rash, and a single species was used to treat muscle pain and headache.Conclusion: This study suggests alternative treatments for mild symptoms of COVID-19 with medicinal plants that are traditionally used by the ethnic minority groups of the Hmong and Karen in Thailand. Although COVID-19 is a new disease, its mild symptoms are shared with many other diseases. Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants used by the Thai Karen and Hmong could help in the treatments of these symptoms associated with COVID-19. Many of the proposed plants were used abundantly by both ethnic groups, and other studies on biological activities support their efficacy in such treatments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Mild Covid-19 Symptoms Among Thai Karen and Hmong

2021

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“…Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge endowed with potent ability to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis (Chen and Chen, 2017). Andrographis paniculata has excellent effects including clearing away heat, detoxifification, and purging fire of blood (Wu et al, 2018;Jiang et al, 2021). These functions of SL beneficial for prevent and treat atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (Zhou et al, 2013;Guo et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ShenLian Extract Enhances TGF-β Functions in the Macrophage-SMC Unit and Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaques

Liu

Yin

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Background/Aim: Macrophage polarization and phenotypic switching of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are multi-faceted events dominating atherosclerosis (AS) progression. TGF-β was proved to been one of the bridge on the crosstalk between macrophage and SMC. ShenLian (SL) was extracted from a potent anti-atherosclerotic formula. However, its exact mechanism rebalancing inflammatory microenvironment of AS remain largely unknown. Within the entirety of macrophage and SMC, this study investigated the pharmacological effects of SL on stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.Methods: The main components of SL were examined by high performance liquid chromatography. Co-culture and conditioned medium models of macrophage/SMC interactions were designed to identify the relationship between macrophage polarization and switching of SMC phenotypes. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining, RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to determine the expression of molecules relating to AS progression. An atherosclerosis animal model, established by placing a perivascular collar on the right common carotid artery in ApoE−/− mice, was used to investigate whether TGF-β is the key molecular mediator of SL in crosstalk between macrophage and SMC. Plaque size was defined by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Key markers related to phenotypic transformation of macrophage and SMC were determined by immunohistochemical staining.Results: Results revealed that, accompanied by rebalanced M2 macrophage polarization, SL supported SMC phenotypic transformation and functionally reconstruct the ECM of plaques specifically in macrophage-SMC co-cultural model. Molecularly, such activity of SL closely related to the activation of STAT3/SOCS3 pathway. Furthermore, in co-culture system, up-regulation of α-SMA induced by SL could neutralized by 1D11, a TGF-β neutralizing antibody, indicating that SL mediated Macrophage-SMC communication by enhancing TGF-β. In the AS model constructed by ApoE−/− mice, effects of SL on phenotypic transformation of macrophage and SMC has been well verified. Specific blocking of TGF-β largely attenuated the aforementioned effects of SL.Conclusion: Our findings highlighted that TGF-β might be the responsive factor of SL within macrophage and SMC communication. This study revealed that crosstalk between macrophage and SMC forms a holistic entirety promoting atherosclerotic plaque stability.

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“…Also, no primary literature on A. paniculata extracts against SARS-CoV-2 were identified in this review. 26 In January 2021, Thailand announced its pilot program for administering and investigating the effectiveness of A. paniculata extract in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. 27 Andrographolide has been listed as one of the main ingredients of a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known as Xiyanping, which has been recommended under the China National Health Commission treatment guidelines for COVID-19 based on TCM principles.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Even more recently, in early 2021, a review discussed the ethnopharmacology of more than 80 potential bioactive constituents of A. paniculata as broad-spectrum antivirals. 26 In this review, some in silico evidence of andrographolide’s activity against SARS-CoV-2 was presented. However, as this review focuses on general broad spectrum antiviral properties of A. paniculata and andrographolide, the potential mechanisms of action of andrographolide in relation to the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle were not discussed in depth.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees, Andrographolide, and Andrographolide Analogues as SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals? A Rapid Review

Lim

Chan

Tan

et al. 2021

Natural Product Communications

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Drug repurposing is commonly employed in the search for potential therapeutic agents. Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant commonly used for symptomatic relief of the common cold, and its phytoconstituent andrographolide, have been repeatedly identified as potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. In light of new evidence emerging since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, this rapid review was conducted to identify and evaluate the current SARS-CoV-2 antiviral evidence for A. paniculata, andrographolide, and andrographolide analogs. A systematic search and screen strategy of electronic databases and gray literature was undertaken to identify relevant primary articles. One target-based in vitro study reported the 3CLpro inhibitory activity of andrographolide as being no better than disulfiram. Another Vero cell-based study reported potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory activity for both andrographolide and A. paniculata extract. Eleven in silico studies predicted the binding of andrographolide and its analogs to several key antiviral targets of SARS-CoV-2 including the spike protein-ACE-2 receptor complex, spike protein, ACE-2 receptor, RdRp, 3CLpro, PLpro, and N-protein RNA-binding domain. In conclusion, in silico and in vitro studies collectively suggest multi-pathway targeting SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties of andrographolide and its analogs, but in vivo data are needed to support these predictions.

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Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its major constituent andrographolide as potential antiviral agents

Cited by 68 publications

References 67 publications

Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Mild Covid-19 Symptoms Among Thai Karen and Hmong

Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Mild Covid-19 Symptoms Among Thai Karen and Hmong

ShenLian Extract Enhances TGF-β Functions in the Macrophage-SMC Unit and Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaques

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees, Andrographolide, and Andrographolide Analogues as SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals? A Rapid Review

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