Androgens and Estrogens in Postmenopausal Insulin-Treated Diabetic Women

Nyholm, Henrik Christian Juul; Djursing, Henning; Hagen, Claus; Agner, Tove; Bennett, Paul; Svenstrup, Birgit

doi:10.1210/jcem-69-5-946

Cited by 53 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Endometrial, postmenopausal breast, renal and less certainly gall bladder cancer risks have also been associated with obesity (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002), so the association of these cancers with type II diabetes might be a consequence of confounding by obesity. Oestrogen levels affect endometrial cancer risk (Grady and Ernster, 1996), but data are inconsistent on whether postmenopausal women with diabetes have raised oestrogen levels (Nyholm et al, 1989;Andersson et al, 1994). Possible mechanisms suggested for liver cancer in diabetes have included alcohol consumption and hepatitis (Verlato et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer incidence and mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a UK cohort study

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Raised risks of several cancers have been found in patients with type II diabetes, but there are few data on cancer risk in type I diabetes. We conducted a cohort study of 28 900 UK patients with insulin-treated diabetes followed for 520 517 person-years, and compared their cancer incidence and mortality with national expectations. To analyse by diabetes type, we examined risks separately in 23 834 patients diagnosed with diabetes under the age of 30 years, who will almost all have had type I diabetes, and 5066 patients diagnosed at ages 30 -49 years, who probably mainly had type II. Relative risks of cancer overall were close to unity, but ovarian cancer risk was highly significantly raised in patients with diabetes diagnosed under age 30 years (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) ¼ 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22 -3.48; standardised mortality ratio (SMR) ¼ 2.90; 95% CI 1.45-5.19), with greatest risks for those with diabetes diagnosed at ages 10 -19 years. Risks of cancer at other major sites were not substantially raised for type I patients. The excesses of obesity-and alcohol-related cancers in type II diabetes may be due to confounding rather than diabetes per se.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer incidence and mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a UK cohort study

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In male subjects, studies have consistently found elevated testosterone in individuals with type 1 diabetes compared with that in control subjects (6,7). Studies in female subjects have demonstrated less coherence, with similar or elevated testosterone in both children (7) and adults (4,8) with type 1 diabetes compared with that in control subjects. These inconsistent results in female subjects could again be due to small samples.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on testosterone in male subjects with type 1 diabetes has consistently found elevated levels compared with those in control subjects (6), whereas studies in female subjects (children and adults) have been inconsistent, demonstrating comparable to higher levels of testosterone (4,7,8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Testosterone in Individuals With Childhood Diabetes

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJECTIVE -Insulin downregulates hepatic production of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which in turn influences sex hormone bioavailability. The effects of childhood-onset diabetes and insulin resistance in nondiabetic individuals on SHBG and testosterone in children and young adults are poorly understood.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Individuals with diabetes diagnosed at Ͻ18 years of age (n ϭ 48) and their siblings without diabetes (n ϭ 47) were recruited for the Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry Family Study. SHBG and total and free testosterone were measured. Participants ranged in age from 10 to 32 years; 39% were non-Hispanic white. The majority of individuals with diabetes had the classic type 1 phenotype (75%), while the remainder exhibited features of type 2 or mixed diabetes; 96% were treated with insulin.RESULTS -SHBG and total testosterone were higher in male subjects with diabetes compared with those in male siblings. Elevated SHBG was associated with the absence of endogenous insulin independent of sex; elevated total testosterone was similarly associated with the absence of C-peptide for male subjects only. Diabetes type and treatment were unrelated. In those without diabetes, greater insulin resistance had a small, nonsignificant association with lower SHBG and higher free testosterone.CONCLUSIONS -SHBG and total testosterone appear to be higher in male children and young adults with diabetes compared with nondiabetic male siblings, which is apparently related to the absence of endogenous insulin. This may have implications for sex hormone-dependent processes across the lifespan in male individuals diagnosed with diabetes as children.

show abstract

“…Interestingly, the association between diabetes and breast cancer was strongest in Europe, followed by America, while it was non-significant in Asia (24). The biochemical and molecular associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer are outlined in Table 1 (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42), while the structure, uses, outcomes, and adverse reactions of metformin are shown in Table 2 (4,5,38,42,43). Metformin increases the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients (44).…”

Section: Metforminmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel applications of COX-2 inhibitors, metformin, and statins for the primary chemoprevention of breast cancer

Micallef¹,

Micallef²,

Schembri-Wismayer³

et al. 2016

J Turkish German Gynecol Assoc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Review 214 IntroductionChemoprevention is defined as the use of pharmacological or natural agents that inhibit the development of a disease. In the case of breast cancer, the main chemopreventive agents used are selective estrogen receptor blockers (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (1, 2). Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), metformin, and statins are drugs that have long been in clinical use. NSAIDs are used as anti-inflammatories, analgesics, and, in the case of aspirin, antithrombotics (3); metformin is used as an anti-hyperglycemic (4) and in the treatment of metabolic syndrome (5) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS); and statins are used for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol levels (6). Therefore, the safety profiles and adverse reaction profiles of these drugs are well understood. Thus, these drugs are good clinical candidates for further exploration of their mechanisms of action as applied to chemoprevention of breast cancer (7-9). Current studies regarding the novel application of these drugs have been critically analyzed with respect to their potential use in breast cancer chemoprevention. However, more research is needed to prove that these studies were adequately powered and thus are of good statistical significance, so that the use of these drugs can be considered as an option for chemoprevention of breast cancer in clinical practice. Search strategyThe papers used as references in this review were identified using relevant keywords in related search engines such as Pubmed and Google Scholar, after performing a broader search regarding the chemoprevention of breast cancer and finding mentions of these drugs in other documents. The search terms used to identify these sources include "breast neoplasms," "breast cancer," "NSAIDs," "aspirin," "COX-2 inhibitors," "COX2 inhibitors," "cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors," "metformin," "statins," and "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors." The search results were then filtered, analyzed, and used as references in compiling this review. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Various epidemiological studies have been conducted to establish a relationship between the use of NSAIDs and the incidence of breast cancer (10-12). The results of these studies are inconsistent; however, this inconsistency is most likely due to the fact that tumors have variable molecular properties (13). All NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit both cyclooxygenase enzymes, largely with little or no selectivity for either enzyme. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase, while ibuprofen and other NSAIDs are reversible inhibitors. A meta-analysis has been conducted, focusing mainly on the effects of aspirin and ibuprofen (14). This meta-analysis included 16 case-control studies, 18 cohort studies, 3 caseRecent evidence shows that commonly prescribed drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), metformin, and statins, may have beneficial roles in the primary ...

show abstract

Androgens and Estrogens in Postmenopausal Insulin-Treated Diabetic Women

Cited by 53 publications

References 31 publications

Cancer incidence and mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a UK cohort study

Cancer incidence and mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a UK cohort study

Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Testosterone in Individuals With Childhood Diabetes

Novel applications of COX-2 inhibitors, metformin, and statins for the primary chemoprevention of breast cancer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About