Androgen Receptors in Untreated and Treated Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia

5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol activates pathway that resembles the epidermal growth factor responsive pathways in stimulating human prostate cancer LNCaP cell proliferation

“…51 These studies suggest that there is a pathway(s) other than AR transactivation responsible for disease progression, or that there are hormonally independent cells in the diseased prostate. In the presence of androgen blockades, the AR is not downregulated, 52,53 and adrenal androgens, AR, and other steroid receptors may stimulate mitogenic growth factor signaling pathways to mediate cellular proliferation. [54][55][56] If 3a-diol truly serves as a 'crosstalk' molecule between androgens and growth factors and utilizes the EGF pathway for mediating prostate cell growth, as suggested in our analysis, current strategies of using 5a-reductase inhibitor and/or AR blockers for BPH and PCa treatment for androgen deprivation therapy need to be modified to provide maximal androgen blockade.…”

Papaya black seeds have beneficial anticancer effects on PC-3 prostate cancer cells

“…Reduced testosterone levels have been related to obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), benign prostatic hypertrophy and even prostate cancer. [7] Diet rich in high-fat milk and red meat, saturated fats and omega-6 fatty acids was found to increase the risk of prostate cancer whereas diet rich in fruits and vegetable decreases the risk of prostate cancer. [8][9][10] An inverse association between high intake of vegetables and/or fruits and incidences of cancer was reported by a number of epidemiological studies.…”

Heterogeneous apoptotic responses of prostate cancer cell lines identify an association between sensitivity to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, expression of Bcl-2 family members, and caspase activation

“…Unfortunately, this form of treatment is always followed by the relapse of an aggressive androgenindependent disease [2] that is resistant to further hormonal manipulation or to treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents [3]. There is evidence that the androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in all stages of prostate cancer evolution, including PIN [4], primary [5,6], and metastatic [7,8] disease before and after androgen ablation therapy. Only a minority of cancers are AR-negative [9], and thus even androgenindependent tumors are AR-positive.…”