Andrew Griebeler. Review of "Balthazar: A Black African King in Medieval and Renaissance Art" .

Griebeler, Andrew

doi:10.3202/caa.reviews.2020.44

Cited by 2 publications

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“…On the other hand, the presence of Portuguese in the LL could be motivated by several factors. The vivid economic dynamic between both sides of the border (DGEEC 2012; Rabossi 2013; Souchaud 2010), the majority of the customers in Ciudad del Este being Brazilians (Griebeler 2020;Thomé Arruda 2007), and the extensive use of spoken Portuguese (Ferreira 2011;Galeano 2011). As Jan and Jarko Fidrmuc (2016) stated, when a language is widely spoken, it affects trade, despite not being an official language.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of the Linguistic Landscape of Downtown Ciudad Del Este: An Overview of a Multilingual Trade

Fernández¹,

Fernández²,

Canese³

2021

ÑEMITỸRÃ: Revista Multilingüe De Lengüa, Sociedad Y Educación

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This research focuses on the commercial linguistic landscape (LL) downtown Ciudad del Este, a border city located on the east side of Paraguay. It is known for being a vibrant economically active city, and home to several immigrant groups who established there. A total of 740 signs were collected and analyzed through a mixed methods approach to find out the languages present in the LL, their frequency, and the relation between language and the commercial activity. Additionally, open-ended interviews were conducted to some businesses to enrich the data. The results indicate a wide spectrum of languages unequally distributed in the LL in terms of their visibility, having English the dominance over all foreign languages; as well as some differences between language use on the signs among the different commercial activities, especially when comparing shops offering services and shops selling products. The findings reveal the commercially driven character of the LL through the informative and strongly symbolic functions of language.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the immigrants run their businesses or work in a family business downtown Ciudad del Este, where they offer a variety of imported items. It is estimated that 80% of the customers are Brazilian, 15% are Argentinian, and only 5% are Paraguayan (Griebeler 2020;Masi 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the Linguistic Landscape of Downtown Ciudad Del Este: An Overview of a Multilingual Trade

Fernández¹,

Fernández²,

Canese³

2021

ÑEMITỸRÃ: Revista Multilingüe De Lengüa, Sociedad Y Educación

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Blacks in the Middle Ages – What About Race and Racism in the Past? Literary and Art-Historical Reflections

Classen

2023

Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

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Undoubtedly, racism is a deeply-anchored problem that continues to vex our world. There is a long history behind it, which can easily be traced back to the Middle Ages and beyond. This article, however, takes into consideration a number of medieval narratives and art works in which surprisingly positive images of Blacks are provided. The encounter with black-skinned people tended to create problems even for the best-intended white intellectuals or poets during the pre-modern era, but the examples studied here reveal that long before the modern age there was already an alternative discourse to embrace at least individual Blacks as equals within the courtly and the religious context. Since Europe did not yet know the large-scale form of slavery, as it emerged in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there were much less contacts between Blacks and Whites. Nevertheless, the evidence brought to the table here clearly signals that we would commit a serious mistake by equating modern-day racism with the situation in the Middle Ages, as much as modern research (Heng) has argued along those lines. It would be more appropriate to talk about the encounter of races within the literary and art-historical context. Even the notion of Black diaspora would not fully address the issue because the evidence brought to the table here engages mostly with black or half-black knights and other individuals who enjoy considerable respect and appear to be integral members of courtly society both in the East and in the West. Instead of working with theoretical models developed for the analysis of racism in our own times, such as Critical Race Theory (CRT), this study offers close readings of literary examples of personal encounters between members of different races in medieval German and Dutch literature, and of the representation of Blacks in late medieval and early modern art history, concluding with some comments on the first Black philosopher in eighteenth-century Germany.

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Andrew Griebeler. Review of "Balthazar: A Black African King in Medieval and Renaissance Art" .

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Characteristics of the Linguistic Landscape of Downtown Ciudad Del Este: An Overview of a Multilingual Trade

Characteristics of the Linguistic Landscape of Downtown Ciudad Del Este: An Overview of a Multilingual Trade

Blacks in the Middle Ages – What About Race and Racism in the Past? Literary and Art-Historical Reflections

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