ANDi: “Now, God help thee, poor monkey!”

Bottrill, Krys

doi:10.1177/026119290102900107

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The CRISPR/Cas-9 study used 11 monkeys as egg donors, and 29 acted as surrogate recipients, each one being injected with three eggs (giving a total of 87 micro-injected embryos). This compares with a corresponding figure of 200 eggs which were needed to create ANDi, the first transgenic monkey (35). However, assuming that there was confirmation of the preliminary analyses, of the founders arising in both studies, it is possible that many of the welfare problems and concerns inherent in the two techniques, arising as a consequence of performing procedures on the animals, as raised by Bottrill (35) with regard to the production of ANDi, would have been, at best, overcome, or, at worst, alleviated.…”

Section: Transgenic Nhpsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Every Silver Lining has a Cloud: The Scientific and Animal Welfare Issues Surrounding a New Approach to the Production of Transgenic Animals

Combes

Balls

2014

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

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The scientific basis and advantages of using recently developed CRISPR/Cas-9 technology for transgenesis have been assessed with respect to other production methods, laboratory animal welfare, and the scientific relevance of transgenic models of human diseases in general. As the new technology is straightforward, causes targeted DNA double strand breaks and can result in homozygous changes in a single step, it is more accurate and more efficient than other production methods and speeds up transgenesis. CRISPR/Cas-9 also obviates the use of embryonic stem cells, and is being used to generate transgenic non-human primates (NHPs). While the use of this method reduces the level of animal wastage resulting from the production of each new strain, any long-term contribution to reduction will be offset by the overall increase in the numbers of transgenic animals likely to result from its widespread usage. Likewise, the contribution to refinement of using a more-precise technique, thereby minimising the occurrence of unwanted genetic effects, will be countered by a probable substantial increase in the production of transgenic strains of increasingly sentient species. For ethical and welfare reasons, we believe that the generation of transgenic NHPs should be allowed only in extremely exceptional circumstances. In addition, we present information, which, on both welfare and scientific grounds, leads us to question the current policy of generating ever-more new transgenic models in light of the general failure of many of them, after over two decades of ubiquitous use, to result in significant advances in the understanding and treatment of many key human diseases. Because this unsatisfactory situation is likely to be due to inherent, as well as possibly avoidable, limitations in the transgenic approach to studying disease, which are briefly reviewed, it is concluded that a thorough reappraisal of the rationale for using genetically-altered animals in fundamental research and by the pharmaceutical industry, and for its support by funding bodies, should be undertaken. In the meantime, the use of CRISPR/Cas-9 to generate new transgenic cells in culture is to be guardedly encouraged.

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Section: Transgenic Nhpsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Every Silver Lining has a Cloud: The Scientific and Animal Welfare Issues Surrounding a New Approach to the Production of Transgenic Animals

Combes

Balls

2014

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

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“…The production of ANDi, the first genetically modified monkey, raised many concerns regarding the technical and scientific limitations of using this technology in primates, in addition to ethical and welfare concerns (6). Unlike mice, primates only produce one or two offspring at a time, and many primates would therefore have to be used in the production and breeding of a GM line, making it highly unlikely that a sufficient size of sample could be produced.…”

Section: Illegitimate Purposes For Producing and Using Gm Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike mice, primates only produce one or two offspring at a time, and many primates would therefore have to be used in the production and breeding of a GM line, making it highly unlikely that a sufficient size of sample could be produced. Many scientists have expressed concerns about the ethics of such an undertaking, and have questioned the benefits that could be gained from developing GM primates (6). The ECVAM workshop report concluded that "Certain uses of transgenic animals (for example, the use of higher non-human primates) should be considered, in principle, to be unacceptable" (4).…”

Section: Illegitimate Purposes For Producing and Using Gm Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critique of the Animal Procedures Committee Report on Biotechnology

Jenkins

Combes

2002

Altern Lab Anim

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ANDi: “Now, God help thee, poor monkey!”

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Every Silver Lining has a Cloud: The Scientific and Animal Welfare Issues Surrounding a New Approach to the Production of Transgenic Animals

Every Silver Lining has a Cloud: The Scientific and Animal Welfare Issues Surrounding a New Approach to the Production of Transgenic Animals

A Critique of the Animal Procedures Committee Report on Biotechnology

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