D e p a r t m e n f of Psychology. H a r v n r d L ' n i w r r i t yGERTRUDE R. SCHMEIDLER ASD GORDON W. ALLPORT Since this article is a continuation of a report by the same title published in last August's Bullelin of S.P.S.S.Z. ( 7 ) , we shall, for convenience of comparison, use the same divisions of subject matter. W e are, of course, writing under the same restrictions, as we do not have access to the significant work of social psychologists employed by the army, the navy, OWZ, OSS, FCC, and other governmental bureaus. T h e i r story will be told in due time.
Illorale and I t s Measurementa. Morale: the Broader view. For those who are interested in the broader problems of morale, Chein offers a conceptual framework in terms of Freud's three levels of personality. H e describes the most stable type of morale as "expanded-ego morale," where the individual identifies his interests and needs with those of the group ( 3 1 ) . Lt. Leighton, using a similar definition, recounts the methods by which all of Chein's types of morale can best be maintained by a flight surgeon in the Navy (95).O n e English and one Spanish psychologist have published books relating their w a r experiences and the methods which they have found useful in building and maintaining morale. MacCurdy deals penetratingly with the problem of fear and the possibilities of both passive and active adaptation to danger (interesting is his report that being subject to a "token" bombing may improve community morale) : with morale in relation to national objectives and national standards of value: and with the English social organization in comparison with the German ( 1 12). O n e has the impression that this volume published in the midst of W o r l d W a r I1 occupies a position 'This article constitutes a report of the Committee on clearance and Information, of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. Besides the preparation of the article, the work of the committee has consisted in ( n ) keeping a file of social psychological material related to the war, and allowing qualified individuals access to it; (6) meeting requests from governmental and private agencies for information and assistance ; (c) distributing to professional and action groups discussions of morale, scapegoating, rumor, and kindred topics. 145 Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:41 10 April 2015 146 J O U R N A L OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY similar to Trotter's Instincts of the H e r d in Peace and W a r published in the heat of World W a r I. It is partisan, pro-British, but at the same time replete with insights of lasting value.Mira, formerly chief psychiatrist with the Spanish Republican Army, emphasizes the individual determinants of morale (128). Unlike MacCurdy, he has no interest in the social structure, but limits himself to psychiatric procedures and their effects on the mental health of the Army. H e presents certain ingenious techniques which I he devised to test morale, and, in an Appendix, presents his myokinetic (expressive movements) test...
