Ancient Matriarchal Kingdoms in India and China: A Case Study of Strīrājya of Mahābhārata and Nüer Guo of Journey to the West

Abstract

India and China are home to ancient civilizations marked by extensive cultural and interpersonal connections dating back over two millennia. These enduring societies not only resisted external invasions but also left an indelible impact on the development of diverse and unparalleled communities throughout history. Given their vast geographical expanse, both nations hosted numerous kingdoms in East and Southeast Asia, predominantly led by male rulers, thus establishing them as patriarchal domains. However, amid this prevailing trend, certain kingdoms distinguished themselves by being exclusively governed by women, nurturing well-established matriarchal societies. Noteworthy examples of such female-led kingdoms can be found in both ancient Indian and Chinese literature, suggesting a potential impact of Indic literature and culture on shaping the mindset of the Chinese populace. Delving into these ancient matriarchal realms not only provides insights into the socio-political status of women in these two countries but also presents an opportunity to reflect on the folk ethics, customs, and beliefs that set these kingdoms apart from other male-dominated societies.