“…Humans can become infected with adult worms only If they eat ants infected by the larval stage of the parasite. Le Bailly and Bouchet (2010) summarize the history of infection with D. dendriticum, that is passed by ingestion of infected ants. This was a relatively common trematode parasite of Old World people, but whether true infection occurred is unknown.…”
Section: Diet and Parasitism In The Old Worldmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Parasitological data from Europe have been reviewed by several authors, including Bouchet et al (2003b), Le Bailly and Bouchet (2010), and Reinhard and Pucu (2013). Reviews have covered human remains dating from before the Neolithic period to the nineteenth century.…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For European cultures, the results indicate the existence of distinct first and second paleoepidemiological transitions with the emergence of parasitic disease and progressive exacerbation of infections from the early Neolithic until the Industrial Revolution. Bouchet et al (2003b) and Le Bailly and Bouchet (2010) argue that zoonotic parasitism may have ebbed and flowed over the centuries in Europe associated with periods of famine, when people turned to a broader range of dietary resources. During such times, humans were infected with parasites when ingesting infected raw fish, for example.…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other parasites of animals, able to adapt to the human host, were also found, suggesting close contact between the species and the use of natural resources. There is strong evidence that the first epidemiologic transition, associated with increased prevalence of infectious diseases and poor sanitation, occurred in Europe (Barrett et al, 1998;Le Bailly and Bouchet, 2010). This is characterized in the parasitological record by ubiquitous infections with geohelminths (soil transmitted helminths) (Reinhard and Pucu, 2013).…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is characterized in the parasitological record by ubiquitous infections with geohelminths (soil transmitted helminths) (Reinhard and Pucu, 2013). By contrast, zoonotic infections from wild reservoirs become less common as zoonotic infections from domesticated reservoirs increases (Bouchet et al, 2003b;Le Bailly and Bouchet, 2010).…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
“…Humans can become infected with adult worms only If they eat ants infected by the larval stage of the parasite. Le Bailly and Bouchet (2010) summarize the history of infection with D. dendriticum, that is passed by ingestion of infected ants. This was a relatively common trematode parasite of Old World people, but whether true infection occurred is unknown.…”
Section: Diet and Parasitism In The Old Worldmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Parasitological data from Europe have been reviewed by several authors, including Bouchet et al (2003b), Le Bailly and Bouchet (2010), and Reinhard and Pucu (2013). Reviews have covered human remains dating from before the Neolithic period to the nineteenth century.…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For European cultures, the results indicate the existence of distinct first and second paleoepidemiological transitions with the emergence of parasitic disease and progressive exacerbation of infections from the early Neolithic until the Industrial Revolution. Bouchet et al (2003b) and Le Bailly and Bouchet (2010) argue that zoonotic parasitism may have ebbed and flowed over the centuries in Europe associated with periods of famine, when people turned to a broader range of dietary resources. During such times, humans were infected with parasites when ingesting infected raw fish, for example.…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other parasites of animals, able to adapt to the human host, were also found, suggesting close contact between the species and the use of natural resources. There is strong evidence that the first epidemiologic transition, associated with increased prevalence of infectious diseases and poor sanitation, occurred in Europe (Barrett et al, 1998;Le Bailly and Bouchet, 2010). This is characterized in the parasitological record by ubiquitous infections with geohelminths (soil transmitted helminths) (Reinhard and Pucu, 2013).…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is characterized in the parasitological record by ubiquitous infections with geohelminths (soil transmitted helminths) (Reinhard and Pucu, 2013). By contrast, zoonotic infections from wild reservoirs become less common as zoonotic infections from domesticated reservoirs increases (Bouchet et al, 2003b;Le Bailly and Bouchet, 2010).…”
Section: Contrasts In Paleoepidemiologic Transitions Old World and Newmentioning
INTRODUCTIONTwo scientific fields have been pivotal in starting and advancing the study of parasite remains through time: archaeology and parasitology. Together, they have contributed major methodological and theoretical advances to the recovery and interpretation of parasitological data from times past. Specifically, the onset of the field of paleopathology proved to be a catalyzing factor in the early days of the field, as it not only brought attention to the study of pathology manifested in human skeletal remains, but also to other, understudied biological remains from archaeological sites, such as pollen, coprolites, latrine soils, and/or food remains. It was only a matter of time before conclusive findings of parasite remains at archaeological sites were recovered, and since then the study of parasite remains has gained appreciation and independence as a scientific field. The development of special collecting and survey techniques rapidly followed, leading to new possibilities through the rise of advanced DNA-sequencing techniques. Ever since its inception, the field has embraced an interdisciplinary approach, most notably collaborating with the fields of parasitology, (bio) archaeology, anthropology, paleopathology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
This paper presents the study of parasite remains recovered in pollen samples collected from archaeological layers. Laboratory treatment enabled us to ob- tain very high concentrations of both pollen and parasite eggs from the same samples. The case study of the site of Piazza Garibaldi in Parma, a town in the Po plain, is reported. The site was a sacred area in Roman times and a market square in Medieval times (10th–11th century A.D.). Pollen, seeds, and fruits from the latter phase were collected from four Medieval pits and one cesspit. After a palynological treatment including sieving, floating, and light acetolysis, abundant quantities of parasite eggs were extracted. Human and animal parasite eggs belonging to Trichuris, Ascaris, Taenia/Echinococcus, Capillaria, Dicrocoelium, and Diphyllobothrium were found. The analyses of an- imal and plant remains identified in the same samples suggested that the pit infillings consisted of waste, human and animal excrements, deteriorated plant food, and refuse of grapes. Therefore, parasite remains help the inter- pretation of archaeobotanical data in identifying human behaviors and site functions
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