Ancestry, Color, or Culture? How Whites Racially Classify Others in the U.S.

Schachter, Ariela; Flores, René D.; Maghbouleh, Neda

doi:10.1086/714215

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…However, visual logics are only one dimension that reifies illegalization in the social arena. Other dimensions (e.g., linguistic, aural, olfactory, ancestral, geographic, material, cultural) must also be examined for a better understanding of the continuing construction of this classification (e.g., Rosa, 2019b;Schachter et al, 2021). Monitoring how these representations shift with time and across geographies can provide a necessary window into the way that imperial projects imprint conceptualizations of illegality in the public mind.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigration documentation statuses evoke racialized faceism in mental representations

Martínez¹,

Todorov³

2021

Preprint

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Politicized U.S. immigration discourse has spurred interest in characterizing who illegalized immigrants are or perceived to be. What are the associated visual representations of migrant illegality? Across two studies with undergraduate and online samples (N = 686), we used face- based reverse correlation and spatial arrangement to capture representations of illegalized immigrant men and their differentiation from U.S. citizen or documented immigrant representations. Documentation statuses were differentially racialized. Immigrant representations were dark-skinned and classified as non-white, while citizen representations were light-skinned, evaluated positively, and classified as white. Legality further differentiated immigrant representations: documentation conjured positive representations, illegality conjured threatening representations. In a similarity task, participants used faces’ pixel luminance (e.g., skin color) and perceived American-ness to sort unlabeled faces by documentation status, confirming their representational distinctions. Illegalized immigrants were uniquely racialized as dark-skinned un- American threats, highlighting the continued impact of U.S. imperial projects and colorism in shaping representations of migrant illegality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigration documentation statuses evoke racialized faceism in mental representations

Martínez¹,

Todorov³

2021

Preprint

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“…to that of Chinese respondents, our findings suggest that the ethnoracial categories can act as a powerful tool of stigma transmission. 6 Given the salience of ethnoracial classifications in the United States (Schachter et al, 2021), our findings highlight the need for more systematic investigations of how stigma by association operates to produce and reproduce racial inequalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

A study of pandemic and stigma effects in removal proceedings

Peacock

Ryo

2022

J Empirical Legal Studies

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This study examines how a rapid change in social perceptions of a national‐origin group triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic influenced immigration judges' decision‐making in US removal proceedings. Using originally compiled court data on removal proceedings decided between 2019 and 2020, we applied a difference‐in‐differences framework to produce three key findings. First, consistent with theory of event stigma, Chinese respondents experienced a significantly higher removal rate during the early pandemic period. Second, consistent with theory of associative stigma, East and Southeast (E/SE) Asian respondents also experienced a significantly higher removal rate during the early pandemic period. Third, the removal rate declined for both Chinese and E/SE respondents during the later pandemic period, but this decline was more gradual and lagged for E/SE Asian than for Chinese respondents. Finally, increases in the number of cases involving Chinese respondents increased the removal rate for E/SE Asian respondents during the early months of the pandemic. The last two findings suggest that associative or indirect stigmatization may be harder to combat than direct stigmatization owing to the implicit nature of bias underlying associative stigma. This study highlights the socially constructed nature of national origin groups, and the importance of both direct and indirect stigmatization in the production of social inequality.

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“…Across contexts, a combination of factors inform these such meaning systems to create symbolic racial boundaries. In the US context, a combination of color, ancestry, and culture informs symbolic racial boundaries (Schachter et al., 2021). In the European context, a combination of culture, ethnicity, and religion informs the boundaries (Jansen & Meer, 2020).…”

Section: Part 2: Boundary Model Of Assimilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assimilated or the boundary of Whiteness expanded? A boundary model of group belonging

Karimi

Wilkes

2023

British Journal of Sociology

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In 19th century U.S., European ethnics were considered dark-skinned and working-class. By the 1950s, they were re-categorized as White Americans. Assimilation theory suggests that Europeans' intergroup interactions such as socioeconomic attainments and intermarriage with Anglo-Saxon Whites led to their assimilation and racial re-categorization. The theory anticipates that class mobility translates into re-categorization into Whiteness such that non-Europeans' upward mobility will also propel them into Whiteness. Despite non-Europeans' successful intergroup interactions, their assimilation and belonging is still up for debate. If both Europeans and non-Europeans have participated in similar rates of intergroup interactions, which other factor has determined their differential assimilation outcomes? In response, we conceptualize a boundary model for understanding group belonging. To do so, we distinguish between symbolic and phenotype or somatic race. The former provides and attaches meanings to soma. This boundary model comprises the combined effects of individuals' intergroup interactions and majority groups' symbolic racial boundary expansion-contraction. Assimilation outcome occurs only when majority groups' boundary expands to recognize intergroup interactions as meaningful and to include newcomers as racial group insiders. We revisit the case of European ethnics to show that the symbolic

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Ancestry, Color, or Culture? How Whites Racially Classify Others in the U.S.

Cited by 32 publications

References 108 publications

Immigration documentation statuses evoke racialized faceism in mental representations

Immigration documentation statuses evoke racialized faceism in mental representations

A study of pandemic and stigma effects in removal proceedings

Assimilated or the boundary of Whiteness expanded? A boundary model of group belonging

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