Ancestral Haplotype Retention and Population Expansion Determine the Complicated Population Genetic Structure of the Hilly Lineage of Neolucanus swinhoei Complex (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) on the Subtropical Taiwan Island

Abstract

The present study demonstrates that the complicated genetic structure of the hilly lineage of the Neolucanus swinhoei complex was driven by its biological features and habitat requirements as well as hindrance by the CMR during periodical Pleistocene glaciations. The results revealed a tendency of geographical differentiation and major and sub- lineage divergences before and after the Riss glaciation, followed by stable population growth during Würm glaciation. At least four refugia were inferred for N. swinhoei during the Riss–Würm glaciations. The ancestral haplotype retention in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and compensated substitution in 16S rRNA gene is a possible evolutionary scenario resulting in the inconsistent evolution pattern between COI and 16S rRNA gene coupled with the long-distance dispersal of N. swinhoei. Although the CMR did hinder the dispersal of N. swinhoei, its ancestors may have dispersed to eastern Taiwan through the northern and southern low mountains of the CMR before the Riss glaciation. Our finding suggests that the population growth in the Würm glaciation led a dispersal back to western Taiwan, which is contrast to the more common dispersal scenario from western Taiwan to eastern populations proposed in other studies.

Phylogenetic relationship of subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) inhabiting urban and natural habitats

“…The CO1 gene evolves under the selective constraints of synonymous substitutions, but the 16S rRNA gene is highly conserved and accumulates compensating mutation. These are the most likely causes for the variation in pattern between the two indicators [ [35] , [36] , [37] ].…”

Global population genetic structure and lineage differentiation of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

“…Moreover, anthropogenic activities in the 15th century may also be responsible for the genetic admixture pattern herein (Marquez et al, 2007). Thus, the present differentiation pattern may be the consequence of several possible scenarios as follows: (1) ancestral haplotype retention (Tsai et al, 2021); (2) dispersal events of organisms through emerging landmass during Pleistocene glaciations—the dispersal of mammals between Asian and North America through Bering land bridge (Dixon, 2015; Vershinina et al, 2021); (3) long‐distance migration of >10 km driven by weather fronts and monsoons (Hereward et al, 2020; Showler & Osbrink, 2015); (4) the prevalence of international livestock sales, for example, the import of ruminants from North America to Taiwan (available data: the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, https://www.coa.gov.tw/index.php). Considering putative population differentiation, a strict management measure can help to maintain the genetic compositions of stable flies in each biogeographic region and to prevent the alternation of pathogen transmission ability and sensitivity through trans region gene flow.…”