Ancestral germen/soma distinction in microbes: Expanding the disposable soma theory of aging to all unicellular lineages

Teulière, Jérôme; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Bapteste, Éric

doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101064

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The same logic explains how the limitations on maintenance and repair would be tuned accordingly in different species, where the exposure to natural hazards is different. This is confirmed by evidence that cells from longer-lived species are generally better protected than cells from shorter-lived species (Kapahi et al, 1999;Teulière et al, 2020). It also explains why the age-incidence curves of damage-related diseases, such as cancer, scale with life span.…”

Section: Evolution Aspect Senescencementioning

confidence: 70%

Cellular aging and immunity

Zhelavskyi¹,

Kernychnyi²,

Dmytriv

et al. 2022

Ukr. Jour. of Vet. and Agr. Sci.

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Science is constantly evolving and updated with current data on cell biology. The cellular aging phenomenon should be considered an evolutionary mechanism of the biological regulation of all living organisms. Factors initiating cellular aging are variable. Each cell type can respond differently to the activation factors of cellular aging. In recent decades, science has been supplemented with new data that provide a deeper understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of cellular aging and the formation of immune homeostasis. There is a real prospect of using effective means of its regulation. In recent years, scientists have come close to discovering the mechanisms of cellular aging. Factors and mechanisms of cell regeneration are more deeply revealed. Scientists are also better aware of the phylogeny and ontogenesis of immune processes and the role of immune factors in developing pathologies. Researchers are increasingly focusing on modern diagnostic methods and xenotherapy. However, the specific factors of immunoregulation and the interaction of microphages, macrophages, and lymphocytes with other body cells are not yet fully understood. Accordingly, this requires further in-depth study. This review reviews the current literature on cellular aging and its regulatory mechanisms. The authors also present the results of their research on the mechanisms of immune responses in reproductive pathology. They draw parallels with modern scientific theories and interpret research. We will also focus on the issues that need to be addressed in the near future for the progressive development of this field of science. Thus, the study of the mechanisms of cellular aging and the development of effective means of hay therapy today requires further painstaking work. Despite significant advances in preclinical studies, many questions remain about the practical use of the drugs. This is especially true in the medicine of oncology, neurology, and cardiology. Nevertheless, scientists will be able to use pharmacological agents to influence cell division, differentiation, and determination in the future. We also hope to have developed effective means of immunotherapy of diseases. The molecular mechanisms of cell aging and mediators involved in the mechanisms of cell aging and death are being studied in detail. The field of research contains countless fascinating studies that are sure to be discovered.

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Section: Evolution Aspect Senescencementioning

confidence: 70%

Cellular aging and immunity

Zhelavskyi¹,

Kernychnyi²,

Dmytriv

et al. 2022

Ukr. Jour. of Vet. and Agr. Sci.

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“…One of the possible drivers for this could be that, with DNA replication, one strand will be freshly created, while the old strand will contain epigenetic markers-in effect, DNA replication is inherently asymmetric. Thus, as was originally thought, prokaryotes are not immortal [65].…”

Section: Ageing and Immunity Are A Long-term Partnershipmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…An important component of this is remove damaged (unfit) cells by apoptosis, or to arrest cell division by senescence [142]. To date, although there are still some competing theories on ageing, this resource allocation in response to environment change concept still holds true and has been applied to unicellular organisms [65]. This, of course, suggests that hormesis is describing this process, and that inflammation must, therefore, be related to it.…”

Section: Revisiting the Disposable Somamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics and Inflammation: Insights into Quantum Biology and Ageing

Nunn

Guy²,

Bell

2022

Quantum Reports

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Inflammation as a biological concept has been around a long time and derives from the Latin “to set on fire” and refers to the redness and heat, and usually swelling, which accompanies injury and infection. Chronic inflammation is also associated with ageing and is described by the term “inflammaging”. Likewise, the biological concept of hormesis, in the guise of what “does not kill you, makes you stronger”, has long been recognized, but in contrast, seems to have anti-inflammatory and age-slowing characteristics. As both phenomena act to restore homeostasis, they may share some common underlying principles. Thermodynamics describes the relationship between heat and energy, but is also intimately related to quantum mechanics. Life can be viewed as a series of self-renewing dissipative structures existing far from equilibrium as vortexes of “negentropy” that ages and dies; but, through reproduction and speciation, new robust structures are created, enabling life to adapt and continue in response to ever changing environments. In short, life can be viewed as a natural consequence of thermodynamics to dissipate energy to restore equilibrium; each component of this system is replaceable. However, at the molecular level, there is perhaps a deeper question: is life dependent on, or has it enhanced, quantum effects in space and time beyond those normally expected at the atomistic scale and temperatures that life operates at? There is some evidence it has. Certainly, the dissipative adaptive mechanism described by thermodynamics is now being extended into the quantum realm. Fascinating though this topic is, does exploring the relationship between quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and biology give us a greater insight into ageing and, thus, medicine? It could be said that hormesis and inflammation are expressions of thermodynamic and quantum principles that control ageing via natural selection that could operate at all scales of life. Inflammation could be viewed as a mechanism to remove inefficient systems in response to stress to enable rebuilding of more functional dissipative structures, and hormesis as the process describing the ability to adapt; underlying this is the manipulation of fundamental quantum principles. Defining what “quantum biological normality” is has been a long-term problem, but perhaps we do not need to, as it is simply an expression of one end of the normal quantum mechanical spectrum, implying that biology could inform us as to how we can define the quantum world.

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“…In 9 bacterial cells out of 10, there is only one inclusion body formed by damaged proteins in the dividing cell, which explains how the asymmetric repartition of damage may occur passively, without any dedicated mechanism (Lindner et al, 2008). This discovery weakens the case of a trade-off between repair and reproduction, as repair passively occurs at no energetic cost during cell division, in contrast with the attempt to make functionally asymmetric division a case of the disposable soma theory (Kirkwood, 2005), although there have been attempts to save the theory (Teulière et al, 2020). Recently, it has also been shown that in situation of antibiotic stress, E. coli forms non-viable minicells of up to 20% of the mother cell size, containing damaged proteins (Rang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Appearance Of the Degradation Of Chaperone-mediated Protein Folding And Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of the Hallmarks of Aging

Lemoine

2021

Front. Genet.

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The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the “hallmarks of aging,” i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging – the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called “layers of aging.” A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike “from the inside” of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism “from the outside,” i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control – e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.

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Ancestral germen/soma distinction in microbes: Expanding the disposable soma theory of aging to all unicellular lineages

Cited by 12 publications

References 42 publications

Cellular aging and immunity

Cellular aging and immunity

Thermodynamics and Inflammation: Insights into Quantum Biology and Ageing

The Evolution of the Hallmarks of Aging

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