Anatomy of the Superficial Fascia System of the Breast: A Comprehensive Theory of Breast Fascial Anatomy

Rehnke, Robert D.; Groening, Rachel M.; Buskirk, Eric R. Van; Clarke, John

doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000004948

Cited by 97 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In this way, they create an additional fascial-muscular layer. This explains the functional identity of the superficial muscles of the chest and the upper limb and the existence of muscular-fascial connections between limbs [23].…”

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The superficial fascia is an equivalent of the muscular layer of the skin (panniculus carnosus) present in mammals. Also in some areas of the human body there is a muscle coat within the superficial fascia: on the neck (platysma), on the face (superficial muscular aponeurosis system -SMAS), near the anus (external sphincter, fascia perinealis superfitialis -Colles fascia) and in the scrotal sac (fascia dartos -tunica dartos) [5,23].…”

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between the lamellas of the superficial and deep fascias, directly behind the mammary gland tissue, there is a space filled with bursa which is a fatty-serous pillow (bursa retromammaris, Chassaignac's bursa). Numerous connections with the ligaments of Cooper make it possible for the fascial lamellas to move freely in this place, which enables the transfer of breasts on the chest wall [23,30,31].…”

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the lateral part, they are strong, more developed and form a strong band between the lateral edge of the smaller pectoral muscle, the skin and the axillary fascia. In this way, employing the suspensory ligament of the axilla they create the vault of the axillary fossa [23,32]. The inframammary fold is made of the superficial part of fascia, close to the skin, which extends transversely at the level of the 5 th rib thanks to the ligaments of Cooper accumulating in the greatest numbers there.…”

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomia chirurgiczna gruczołu piersiowego. Budowa ogólna, embriogeneza, histologia, kompleks brodawkowo-otoczkowy, powięzie tkanki gruczołowej i ściany klatki piersiowej. Część pierwsza.

Cieśla¹,

Wichtowski

Poźniak-Balicka

et al. 2020

Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology

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Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Breast and Chest Wall Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Anatomia chirurgiczna gruczołu piersiowego. Budowa ogólna, embriogeneza, histologia, kompleks brodawkowo-otoczkowy, powięzie tkanki gruczołowej i ściany klatki piersiowej. Część pierwsza.

Cieśla¹,

Wichtowski

Poźniak-Balicka

et al. 2020

Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology

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show abstract

“…The dorsal (posterior) border of the BGT is separated from the pectoralis muscles by the dorsal sheet/lamina posterior of the fascia (deep fascia), which is well defined and continuous. Between the BGT and deep fascia, there is an area of loose connective tissue that contains a thin layer of fatty tissue (retromammary space) [ 13 ]. The anterior border of the BGT is defined by the ventral sheet/lamina anterior of the fascia (superficial fascia) being a much more delicate and discontinuous structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multidisciplinary view of mastectomy and breast reconstruction: Understanding the challenges

et al. 2021

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The current review paper was written in collaboration with breast cancer surgeons from the European Breast Cancer Research Association of Surgical Trialists (EUBREAST), a breast pathologist from the Danish Breast Cancer Group (DBCG), and representatives from the European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO) breast cancer course. Herein we summarize the different mastectomies and reconstruction procedures and define high-risk anatomical areas for breast cancer recurrences, to further specify the challenges in the surgical procedure, histopathological evaluation, and target volumes in case of postmastectomy irradiation, as recommended by the ESTRO guidelines according to the surgical procedure. The paper has original figures and illustrations for all disciplines for in-depth understanding of the differences between the procedures.

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A reinterpretation of human breast anatomy includes all the layers of the anterior body wall

Hall,

Suarez‐Venot,

Lindvall

et al. 2024

The Anatomical Record

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Mammary glands define mammals as a group, yet a comprehensive anatomical description of the mammary gland does not exist for almost any mammalian species. In humans, the anatomical and surgical literature provide conflicting and incomplete descriptions of the gross anatomy of the breast. We dissected 9 male and 15 female human body donors to clarify this gross anatomy. We found that, like other epidermally derived glands of the body, the mammary glandular tissue is constrained to a membrane‐bound, central structure referred to as the corpus mammae in the surgical literature, and not dispersed throughout the breast as typically described in the anatomical literature. The major fasciae of the human anterior body wall, including the superficial fatty Camper's fascia and the deeper membranous Scarpa's fascia, both contribute to the structure of the breast. This anatomical arrangement suggests that, as the mammary gland invaginates posteriorly from the integument during embryological development, the mammary fat pad most likely derives from Camper's fascia, and growth of Scarpa's fascia around this fat pad forms the anterior and posterior lamellae of the breast pocket. Anteriorly, Scarpa's fascia becomes a double layer that creates the surface structure of the breast. Posteriorly, Scarpa's fascia forms a circummammary ligament that (1) stabilizes the breast against the thoracic wall and (2) is continuous with Scarpa's fascia on the rest of the anterior body wall. The suspensory ligaments of the breast represent the typical retinaculae cuti found consistently throughout the human body wall, and do not directly attach to the skin. Instead, these retinaculae attach to the anterior or posterior lamella of Scarpa's fascia.

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Anatomy of the Superficial Fascia System of the Breast: A Comprehensive Theory of Breast Fascial Anatomy

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Cited by 97 publications

References 16 publications

Anatomia chirurgiczna gruczołu piersiowego. Budowa ogólna, embriogeneza, histologia, kompleks brodawkowo-otoczkowy, powięzie tkanki gruczołowej i ściany klatki piersiowej. Część pierwsza.

Anatomia chirurgiczna gruczołu piersiowego. Budowa ogólna, embriogeneza, histologia, kompleks brodawkowo-otoczkowy, powięzie tkanki gruczołowej i ściany klatki piersiowej. Część pierwsza.

A multidisciplinary view of mastectomy and breast reconstruction: Understanding the challenges

A reinterpretation of human breast anatomy includes all the layers of the anterior body wall

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