Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex

Fuster, Joaquı́n M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373644-4.00002-5

Cited by 625 publications

(755 citation statements)

References 298 publications

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“…This relationship with cortical motor areas resembles connections from the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), suggesting that both areas influence downstream motor areas during the selection, preparation, and execution of actions (5)(6)(7)(8). Despite numerous studies demonstrating the involvement of the dlPFC in various aspects of behavioral control (9)(10)(11)(12), however, little is known about the role of the pmPFC in the performance of motor behaviors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neuronal activity in the primate dorsomedial prefrontal cortex contributes to strategic selection of response tactics

Matsuzaka

Akiyama

Tanji

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The functional roles of the primate posterior medial prefrontal cortex have remained largely unknown. Here, we show that this region participates in the regulation of actions in the presence of multiple response tactics. Monkeys performed a forelimb task in which a visual cue required prompt decision of reaching to a left or a right target. The location of the cue was either ipsilateral (concordant) or contralateral (discordant) to the target. As a result of extensive training, the reaction times for the concordant and discordant trials were indistinguishable, indicating that the monkeys developed tactics to overcome the cue-response conflict. Prefrontal neurons exhibited prominent activity when the concordant and discordant trials were randomly presented, requiring rapid selection of a response tactic (reach toward or away from the cue). The following findings indicate that these neurons are involved in the selection of tactics, rather than the selection of action or monitoring of response conflict: (i) The response period activity of neurons in this region disappeared when the monkeys performed the task under the behavioral condition that required a single tactic alone, whereas the action varied across trials. (ii) The neuronal activity was found in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex but not in the anterior cingulate cortex that has been implicated for the response conflict monitoring. These results suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex participates in the selection of a response tactic that determines an appropriate action. Furthermore, the observation of dynamic, task-dependent neuronal activity necessitates reconsideration of the conventional concept of cortical motor representation.cortical plasticity | frontal executive function T he primate dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and particularly its posterior region (pmPFC), is intimately connected with higher-order cortical motor areas in the frontal lobe, including the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), the rostral cingulate motor area, and the dorsal premotor area (1-4). This relationship with cortical motor areas resembles connections from the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), suggesting that both areas influence downstream motor areas during the selection, preparation, and execution of actions (5-8). Despite numerous studies demonstrating the involvement of the dlPFC in various aspects of behavioral control (9-12), however, little is known about the role of the pmPFC in the performance of motor behaviors.A few studies have attempted to explore this area. For example, Petrides proposed that the dorsomedial PFC plays important roles in monitoring multiple events and self-ordering actions (13), although his later study suggested that the dlPFC is also involved in this process (14). Bon and Lucchetti reported that electrical stimulation in area 8b evoked ear or eye movements, and neurons in this region showed activity modulation related to these types of movements (15, 16). Human brain-imaging studies identified active areas including the mPFC that were re...

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confidence: 99%

Neuronal activity in the primate dorsomedial prefrontal cortex contributes to strategic selection of response tactics

Matsuzaka

Akiyama

Tanji

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Besides, "localization" of aphasic syndromes to particular brain areas is a challenging task that can only be approximate, due to interindividual variability in the boundaries of cytoarchitectural fields, as well as in the patterns of sulci and gyri 3,24 . Moreover, the resulting syndrome should be explained not only by functional loss of the damaged area, but also by disturbances of excitation-inhibition balance along with functional reorganization in other brain regions 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A topographic study on the evaluation of speech and language in the acute phase of a first stroke

Oliveira

Damasceno

2011

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Evaluation of speech and language may help in localization of site and extension of brain lesions, particularly in the absence of other neurological signs or radiologically defined injuries. Objective: To verify what language tasks are best correlated to which brain regions, in order to develop a test for neurologists in emergency settings. Method: Thirty-seven adult first-stroke patients were submitted to cognitive and language tests, and then paired with thirty-seven healthy controls. Patients underwent CT and/or MRI for topographic correlation with test results (p<0.05). Results: All tests were able to distinguish patients from controls, but only word/sentence repetition, naming, ideomotor praxis and, non-significantly, comprehension and counting 1-20 predicted left hemisphere lesions. Repetition was related to perisylvian structures, comprehension to the posterior portion of the middle cerebral artery territory, and fluency to frontal lesions, while naming was accurate only for lesion side. Conclusion: Language and cognitive tasks can help in the localization of acute stroke lesions. Key words: linguistics, aphasia, apraxias, stroke, brain infarction, language, speech, disability evaluation.Um estudo topográfico da avaliação de fala e linguagem na fase aguda de um primeiro infarto cerebral RESUMO Avaliação de fala e linguagem pode ajudar na localização do sítio e da extensão de lesões cerebrais, especialmente quando ausentes outros sinais neurológicos ou radiológicos. Objetivo: Verificar quais tarefas linguísticas se correlacionam melhor com quais regiões cerebrais, a fim de desenvolver um teste para uso pelos neurologistas em emergências. Método: 37 pacientes e 37 controles pareados passaram por avaliação linguístico-cognitiva. Pacientes foram submetidos a TC e/ou RM para correlação topográfica com os resultados da avaliação (p<0,05). Resultados: Todos os testes diferenciaram pacientes de controles, mas apenas os de repetição de palavras/sentenças, nomeação, praxia ideomotora e, de forma não-significativa, compreensão e contagem 1-20 puderam predizer lesões no hemisfério esquerdo. Os testes de repetição estavam relacionados com estruturas perisylvianas, compreensão com a porção posterior do território da artéria cerebral média, e fluência com regiões frontais, enquanto os de nomeação localizavam apenas o lado das lesões. Conclusão: Testes linguístico-cognitivos podem ajudar a localizar infartos cerebrais agudos. Palavras-Chave: linguística, afasia, apraxias, acidente cerebral vascular, infarto encefálico, linguagem, fala, avaliação da deficiência.

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“…in the context of the meaning and relevance of objects and scenes, as well as language-related information from the left temporal lobe (mostly from the Wernicke language centre). In the ventrolateral PFC, we find the Broca language centre, which is involved in grammatical and syntactical aspects of language [57].…”

Section: (G) Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among cortical areas, the dorso-and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) appear to be the neurobiological basis of socalled general intelligence in mammals [56,57]. It is involved in the comprehension and processing of the temporal-spatial structure of sensory information and cognitive mental events such as thinking and imagining, predominantly in the context of action planning and action preparation, but also problemsolving and decision-making.…”

Section: (G) Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent evolution of complex brains and high intelligence

Roth

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Origin and evolution of the nervous system'. Within the animal kingdom, complex brains and high intelligence have evolved several to many times independently, e.g. among ecdysozoans in some groups of insects (e.g. blattoid, dipteran, hymenopteran taxa), among lophotrochozoans in octopodid molluscs, among vertebrates in teleosts (e.g. cichlids), corvid and psittacid birds, and cetaceans, elephants and primates. High levels of intelligence are invariantly bound to multimodal centres such as the mushroom bodies in insects, the vertical lobe in octopodids, the pallium in birds and the cerebral cortex in primates, all of which contain highly ordered associative neuronal networks. The driving forces for high intelligence may vary among the mentioned taxa, e.g. needs for spatial learning and foraging strategies in insects and cephalopods, for social learning in cichlids, instrumental learning and spatial orientation in birds and social as well as instrumental learning in primates.

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Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex

Cited by 625 publications

References 298 publications

Neuronal activity in the primate dorsomedial prefrontal cortex contributes to strategic selection of response tactics

Neuronal activity in the primate dorsomedial prefrontal cortex contributes to strategic selection of response tactics

A topographic study on the evaluation of speech and language in the acute phase of a first stroke

Convergent evolution of complex brains and high intelligence

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