Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerve System

Penkert, Götz

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54780-5_2

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…They found marked differences between MTR values of foot nerves and the median nerve at the wrist, while MTR values of surrounding muscles in both locations did not differ [60]. As it is known that the microscopic structure of a peripheral nerve changes from proximal to distal [62], potentially resulting in a change in its macromolecular composition, it remained unclear whether MTR differences exist not only between upper and lower extremity nerves but also along the proximal-to-distal course of one single peripheral nerve. In a more recent study conducted in healthy volunteers of different ages, results excluded a significant MTR gradient along the sciatic and tibial nerve at the lower extremities, making MTC imaging a more reasonable technique that does not require standard values for each and every nerve segment when applied in different peripheral neuropathies [63].…”

Section: Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imagingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Magnetic Resonance Neurography: Improved Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathies

Kollmer

Bendszus

2021

Neurotherapeutics

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Peripheral neuropathies account for the most frequent disorders seen by neurologists, and causes are manifold. The traditional diagnostic gold-standard consists of clinical neurologic examinations supplemented by nerve conduction studies. Due to well-known limitations of standard diagnostics and atypical clinical presentations, establishing the correct diagnosis can be challenging but is critical for appropriate therapies. Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is a relatively novel technique that was developed for the high-resolution imaging of the peripheral nervous system. In focal neuropathies, whether traumatic or due to nerve entrapment, MRN has improved the diagnostic accuracy by directly visualizing underlying nerve lesions and providing information on the exact lesion localization, extension, and spatial distribution, thereby assisting surgical planning. Notably, the differentiation between distally located, complete cross-sectional nerve lesions, and more proximally located lesions involving only certain fascicles within a nerve can hold difficulties that MRN can overcome, when basic technical requirements to achieve sufficient spatial resolution are implemented. Typical MRN-specific pitfalls are essential to understand in order to prevent overdiagnosing neuropathies. Heavily T2-weighted sequences with fat saturation are the most established sequences for MRN. Newer techniques, such as T2-relaxometry, magnetization transfer contrast imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging, allow the quantification of nerve lesions and have become increasingly important, especially when evaluating diffuse, non-focal neuropathies. Innovative studies in hereditary, metabolic or inflammatory polyneuropathies, and motor neuron diseases have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying pathomechanism. New imaging biomarkers might be used for an earlier diagnosis and monitoring of structural nerve injury under causative treatments in the future.

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Section: Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imagingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Magnetic Resonance Neurography: Improved Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathies

Kollmer

Bendszus

2021

Neurotherapeutics

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Emerging scaffold- and cellular-based strategies for brain tissue regeneration and imaging

et al. 2022

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Stimulating brain tissue regeneration is a major challenge after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as those observed from trauma or cerebrovascular accidents. Full regeneration is difficult even when a neurogenesis-associated repair response may occur. Currently, there are no effective treatments to stimulate brain tissue regeneration. However, biomaterial scaffolds are showing promising results, where hydrogels are the materials of choice to develop these supportive scaffolds for cell carriers. Their combination with growth factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), together with other cell therapy strategies allows the prevention of further neuronal death and can potentially lead to the direct stimulation of neurogenesis and vascularisation at the injured site. Imaging of the injured site is particularly critical to study the reestablishment of neural cell functionality after brain tissue injury. This review outlines the latest key advances associated with different strategies aiming to promote the neuroregeneration, imaging, and functional recovery of brain tissue. Graphical abstract

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Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerve System

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Magnetic Resonance Neurography: Improved Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathies

Magnetic Resonance Neurography: Improved Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathies

Emerging scaffold- and cellular-based strategies for brain tissue regeneration and imaging

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