Anatomy of the Orbit

Reinshagen, Katherine L.; Massoud, Tarik F.; Cunnane, Mary Beth

doi:10.1016/j.nic.2022.07.020

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The optic nerve is approximately 5 cm in length and comprised of four segments: intraocular (1 mm), intraorbital (2.5–3 cm), intracanalicular, and prechiasmatic [ 22 , 23 ]. As an extension of the central nervous system, the optic nerve is surround by all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) with an outer periosteal layer, the periorbita, which is continuous with the intracranial periosteal dura [ 22 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery

Ahmed,

Rowan,

Mukherjee

2024

Brain Sciences

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Advances in technology, instrumentation, and reconstruction have paved the way for extended endoscopic approaches to skull base tumors. In the sagittal plane, the endonasal approach may safely access pathologies from the frontal sinus to the craniocervical junction in the sagittal plane, the petrous apex in the coronal plane, and extend posteriorly to the clivus and posterior cranial fossa. This review article describes these modular extended endoscopic approaches, along with crucial anatomic considerations, illustrative cases, and practical operative pearls.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery

Ahmed,

Rowan,

Mukherjee

2024

Brain Sciences

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“…Craniofacial bones are thinner and non-stress flat, unlike long bones. 6 This characteristic gives them a larger specific surface area and more periosteum, which is of great importance in intramembranous osteogenesis. 7 , 8 It also causes differences between the osteogenesis process of flat and long bones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orbital bone has a unique anatomy and is mainly composed of thin cortical bone with a thickness of about 2 mm. 6 Although there is no bone marrow, this type of bone has a large specific surface area and abundant periosteum coverage, that is, great intramembranous osteogenic capability. 7 , 8 The source of stem cells for intramembranous osteogenesis has long been debated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of CTSK⁺ Periosteal Stem Cells Mediating Bone Repair in Orbital Reconstruction

Liu,

et al. 2023

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the role of cathepsin K positive (CTSK + ) periosteal stem cells (PSCs) in orbital bone repair and to clarify the source of endogenous stem cells for orbital bone self-repair. Methods Periosteum samples obtained by clinical orbital bone repair surgery were analyzed, after which immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the content of bone marrow-derived cells and CTSK + PSCs in periosteum as well as the mobilization of PSCs. CTSK + PSCs were characterized by flow cytometry. Transcriptome sequencing was used to compare the transcriptomic characteristics of CTSK + PSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Results The orbital periosteum contained CTSK + CD200 + cell lineage, including CD200 + CD105 − PSCs and CD200 + CD105 + progenitor cells. CTSK and osteocalcin (OCN) colocalized in the inner layer of the orbital periosteum, suggesting the osteogenic differentiation potential of CTSK + PSCs. CTSK expression was much higher in periosteum after mobilization. Immunofluorescence showed low amounts of scattered CD31 + and CD45 + cells in the orbital periosteum. The stem cell characteristics of CTSK + PSCs were verified by multidirectional differentiation. Flow cytometry found CD200 + CD105 − CTSK + PSCs and CD200 variant CD105 + progenitor cells. Transcriptome sequencing of CTSK + PSCs and BMSCs found 3613 differential genes with significant differences. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed the differences between the two types of stem cells, revealing that PSCs were more suitable for intramembranous osteogenesis. Conclusions CTSK + PSCs may be endogenous stem cells for orbital bone repair. They are mobilized after orbital fracture and have unique features suitable for intramembranous osteogenesis, completely different from BMSCs.

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“…This may mean that the ocular space, which is the closest area of trabecular meshwork during TA injection, is important for the elevation of IOP. Moreover, the orbit is separated from the sinus cavity by surrounding bones, such as the frontal bone, lacrimal bone, zygoma, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, and palate [42]. Therefore, intranasal TA injection is only affected by its systemic bioavailability, which is lower than that of dexamethasone and flunisolide, with no effect on local bioavailability [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intrapolyp steroid injection on intraocular pressure and recurrent polyp treatment

Lee

Nam

Lee

2021

Eye

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Purpose To examine the effects of intrapolyp triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections on intraocular pressure (IOP) and recurrence of nasal polyps after endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients and methods This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomized into either the TA injection group (Group I, 20 mg/ml, 2 mL) or the placebo normal saline injection group (group II, 2 mL). There were a total of five study visits: one baseline visit and one at 2, 4, 8, and 12 w after the injection. The primary safe outcome was the change in IOP between two groups at 4 w. The secondary safe outcome was the IOP at each visit and proportion of patients having IOP above 21 mmHg at 4 and 8 w. Changes in the nasal polyp size were measured between two groups at each visit. Results A total of 43 consenting participants completed this study (22 in group I and 21 in group II). The mean IOP elevation in both eyes was not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05) and was not over 2 mmHg at the 4-w mark. There was also no significant difference in the proportion of patients having IOP above 21 mmHg at 4 and 8 w between the groups (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the change in polyp size until 8 w between both groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions Intrapolyp TA injection is a safe and effective method for the management of recurrent polyps after endoscopic sinus surgery.

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Anatomy of the Orbit

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery

Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery

Discovery of CTSK⁺ Periosteal Stem Cells Mediating Bone Repair in Orbital Reconstruction

Effects of intrapolyp steroid injection on intraocular pressure and recurrent polyp treatment

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Anatomy of the Orbit

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery

Operative Corridors in Endoscopic Skull Base Tumor Surgery

Discovery of CTSK+ Periosteal Stem Cells Mediating Bone Repair in Orbital Reconstruction

Effects of intrapolyp steroid injection on intraocular pressure and recurrent polyp treatment

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About

Discovery of CTSK⁺ Periosteal Stem Cells Mediating Bone Repair in Orbital Reconstruction