2006
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20365
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Anatomy of the frontal gland and ultramorphology of the frontal tube in the soldier caste of species of Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae)

Abstract: All termite species (Isoptera) are eusocial. These insects live in societies where the division of labor is a predominant characteristic, conditioned by the presence of castes with different morphology, ontogeny, and development. The soldier caste is unique among social insects and it is responsible for colony defense. Soldiers belonging to the Nasutitermitinae subfamily are very peculiar, since they may be polymorphic and present a nasus in addition to either developed or vestigial mandibles. The defensive se… Show more

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Cited by 10 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…The gland reservoir is restricted to the frontal projection and does not protrude down to the head cavity, entirely occupied by hypertrophied mandibular muscles. Such a position of the gland has been observed previously in the related genus Spinitermes , having slashing/piercing mandibles as well as in the other higher termites with well‐developed mandibular defence, for example the nasutoid soldiers from the subfamily Syntermitinae (Costa‐Leonardo & Barsotti, ; Santos & Costa‐Leonardo, ). By contrast, the soldiers of Nasutitermitinae have reduced mandibles and their gland reservoirs thus can extend up to the posterior part of the head capsule behind the brain, devoid of mandibular muscles (Quennedey, ; Santos & Costa‐Leonardo, ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 77%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The gland reservoir is restricted to the frontal projection and does not protrude down to the head cavity, entirely occupied by hypertrophied mandibular muscles. Such a position of the gland has been observed previously in the related genus Spinitermes , having slashing/piercing mandibles as well as in the other higher termites with well‐developed mandibular defence, for example the nasutoid soldiers from the subfamily Syntermitinae (Costa‐Leonardo & Barsotti, ; Santos & Costa‐Leonardo, ). By contrast, the soldiers of Nasutitermitinae have reduced mandibles and their gland reservoirs thus can extend up to the posterior part of the head capsule behind the brain, devoid of mandibular muscles (Quennedey, ; Santos & Costa‐Leonardo, ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 77%
“…Such a position of the gland has been observed previously in the related genus Spinitermes , having slashing/piercing mandibles as well as in the other higher termites with well‐developed mandibular defence, for example the nasutoid soldiers from the subfamily Syntermitinae (Costa‐Leonardo & Barsotti, ; Santos & Costa‐Leonardo, ). By contrast, the soldiers of Nasutitermitinae have reduced mandibles and their gland reservoirs thus can extend up to the posterior part of the head capsule behind the brain, devoid of mandibular muscles (Quennedey, ; Santos & Costa‐Leonardo, ). The occurrence of the frontal projection harbouring the gland reservoir thus prevents the hypothesized incompatibility of the gland reservoir with the massive development of mandibular muscles (Deligne et al ., ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 77%
“…1,[3][4][5][6][7]15,20,[24][25][26]29,33,44 Os diterpenos identificados até hoje na secreção dos soldados de Nasutitermes atuam, simultaneamente com os monoterpenos, para formar uma "cola" sobre os inimigos do ninho. [5][6][7]26,45 Esse mesmo mecanismo de defesa é observado em alguns vegetais superiores, como espécies do gênero Pinus, rica em pinenos e ácido abiético.…”
Section: Conclusãounclassified
“…Há ainda grupos cujas mandíbulas foram se reduzindo em diferentes graus ao longo do processo evolutivo, ao mesmo tempo em que glândulas especiais foram se desenvolvendo, ou seja, com a habilidade de produzir substâncias químicas especializadas, que são lançadas sobre os inimigos, como é o caso dos Nasutitermes. 1,3,4 Os térmitas do gênero Nasutitermes incluem 243 espécies no mundo e 71 espécies nominais na Região Neotropical. 1 A cabeça do soldado Nasutitermes tem formato de pera, coloração marrom e um nasus (tubo frontal) estreito para a saída da secreção, o que permite atacar os inimigos à distância, evitando o contato direto (Figura 2).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…-A explicação para distribuição biogeográfica, uma vez que a distribuição atual dos nasutos mandibulados, restritos a região Neotropical, aponta para uma origem pós-gondwânica, enquanto a dos nasutos verdadeiros, encontrados em todo o mundo, aponta para uma origem pré-gondwânica. Emerson (1955) argumenta que os nasutos mandibulados teriam "menor capacidade de -Embora alguns trabalhos indiquem que o tubo frontal dos nasutos mandibulados e verdadeiros sejam homoplasias (Inward et al, 2007, Constantino, 1995a, Santos & Costa-Leonardo, 2006, Noirot, 2001) ainda não existe um estudo detalhado que confirme a homologia da estrutura nos dois grupos, para isso seria necessário um estudo histológico muito detalhado de várias espécies;…”
Section: A Subfamília Nasutitermitinaeunclassified