“…A growing stream of academic research focuses on analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial markets. Scholars have, among other things, studied equity markets ( Ashraf, 2020 ; Baker et al., 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ; Bretscher et al., 2020 ; Baig et al., 2021 ; Ke, 2021 ), debt markets ( Hasan et al., 2021 ; O'Hara and Zhou, 2021 ; Zaremba et al, 2021 a, 2021 b), derivative markets ( Johnand Li, 2021 ; Jackwerth, 2020 ), commodities ( Corbet et al., 2020 ; Lin and Su, 2021 ), cryptocurrencies ( Conlon et al., 2020 ; Goodell and Goutte, 2021 ), commercial banks ( Çolak and Şenol, 2021 ; Li et al., 2020 ), and institutional investors ( Pástor and Vorsatz, 2020 ; Mirza et al., 2020 ). All in all, there seems to be a consensus that pandemic-induced uncertainty and the associated government responses adversely impacted the quality and performance of markets and institutions.…”