Anatomy, geometry and sequence stratigraphy of basin floor to slope turbidite systems, Tanqua Karoo, South Africa

Abstract

The Tanqua area of the Karoo basin, South Africa, contains five Permian deep‐water turbidite fan systems, almost completely exposed over some 640 km2. Reconstruction of the basin‐fill and fan distributions indicates a progradational trend in the 450 m+ thick succession, from distal basin floor (fan 1) through basin‐floor subenvironments (fans 2, 3 and 4) to a slope setting (fan 5). Fans are up to 65 m thick with gradational to sharp bases and tops. Facies associations include basin plain claystone and distal turbidite siltstone/claystone and a range of fine‐grained sandstone associations, including low‐ and high‐density turbidite current deposits and proportionally minor debris/slurry flows. Architectural elements include sheets of amalgamated and layered styles and channels of five types. Each fan is interpreted as a low‐frequency lowstand systems tract with the shaly interfan intervals representing transgressive and highstand systems tracts. All fans show complex internal facies distributions but exhibit a high‐frequency internal stratigraphy based on fan‐wide zones of relative sediment starvation. These zones are interpreted as transgressive and highstand systems tracts of higher order sequences. Sandy packages between these fine‐grained intervals are interpreted as high‐frequency lowstand systems tracts and exhibit dominantly progradational stacking patterns, resulting in subtle downdip clinoform geometries. Bases of fans and intrafan packages are interpreted as low‐ and high‐frequency sequence boundaries respectively. Facies juxtapositions across these sequence boundaries are variable and may be gradational, sharp or erosive. In all cases, criteria for a basinward shift of facies are met, but there is no standard ‘motif’ for sequence boundaries in this system. High‐frequency sequences represent the dominant mechanism of active fan growth in the Tanqua deep‐water system.

Taphonomic Trends of Macrofloral Assemblages Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Karoo Basin, South Africa

“…This thick sequence is overlain by the Ecca Group, a time-transgressive unit that becomes younger across the basin from south to northeast in both its lower and upper contacts. These rocks accumulated in deep-water, pelagic, and reducing environments (Visser, 1992), including distal submarine fans in which volcanic-ash deposits have been identified (e.g., Johnson et al, 2001). Towards the northeast, a terrestrial sequence is notable with the presence of coals and transitional fiuvial-deltaic environments (Johnson et al, 1997;Cairncross, 2001;Catuneanu et al, 2002).…”

Calcareous nannofossils and sedimentary facies in the Upper Cretaceous Bozeş Formation (Southern Apuseni Mountains, Romania)

“…The coarser and thicker sandstones of the Vinţa Valley's exposures may suggest a proximal depositional environment compared to the Băcăinţi Valley's section. Alternatively, the outcrops of both valleys can be interpreted as parts of the same stacked large-channel complexes in distal depositional environment (see Johnson et al, 2001).…”

“…According to Johnson et al (2001) and Umar et al (2011), based on the characteristics of the thick beds and the scour structures at the base of sandstone beds, F1 may be interpreted as deposited from high-density turbidity currents.…”

Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Sedimentation in the Sinop–Boyabat Basin, North‐Central Turkey: A Deep‐Water Turbiditic System Evolving into Littoral Carbonate Platform

“…The legend (inset) pertains to all sedimentary logs in this paper. Haughton, 2000;Satur et al, 2000;Johnson et al, 2001;Grecula et al, 2003) or forming poorly defined depositional lobes (cf. Pickering & Hiscott, 1985;Mutti, 1992;Lien et al, 2003).…”