Anatomy and variations of digastric muscle

Kim, Sung Deuk; Loukas, Marios

doi:10.5115/acb.2019.52.1.1

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…2G, H) consistently had their proximal ends fused with the mylohyoid muscle at the raphe. In the literature, fusion of AB accessory muscle and the mylohyoid has also been repeatedly reported [8,25,28]. The frequent fusion of the AB accessory muscle and the mylohyoid muscle may indicate that these two muscles develop from a common embryonic primordium during embryogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[11]), and a broad range of variations were classified by Zlabek [28] and Yamada [25]. The frequency of ABDM anatomical variations in dissected cadavers reported in the literature differs significantly, ranging from approximately 5% to 70% [8,13,17,25,28]. These differences could be attributed to the small sample size in some studies as well as characteristics stemming from the common ancestry of the sample population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These differences could be attributed to the small sample size in some studies as well as characteristics stemming from the common ancestry of the sample population. Types of structural variations reported for the ABDM and its accessory muscles also demonstrate significant diversity, including non-standard morphology of the ABDM itself, the location and number of anterior belly (AB) accessory muscles, and relationships of AB accessory muscles with the mylohyoid muscle [3,8,25,28]. These complexities present a challenge in categorizing ABDM variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cadaveric analysis of anatomical variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

Anderson

Tucker

2021

Folia Morphol

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Background: The anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM) presents highly variable and frequent anatomical variations. Since the ABDM functions as a landmark for clinical procedures involving the submental region, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of its variations. In this study, we sought to improve our knowledge of ABDM variations in the ethnically diverse whole-body donor population in Northern California. Specific aims were: (1) to determine the frequency of ABDM and AB accessory muscle variations in cadavers donated to the UC Davis Body Donation Program, (2) to classify these variations identified in this population using the previously proposed nomenclatures by Yamada (1935) and Zlabek (1933), and (3) to investigate the innervation and arterial supply to the representative ABDM and AB accessory muscle variations. Materials and methods: During the 2018 and 2019 gross anatomy dissection laboratories at the UC Davis School of Medicine, the submental regions of 48 cadavers were examined and classified. Results: Fifteen cadavers (31.2%) presented ABDM and AB accessory muscle variations. These variations were clearly categorized using the morphology of the ABDMs and attachments of the AB accessory muscles. We also identified three previously unreported types of variations, two of which presented the fusion of right and left ABDMs and one presenting an ectopic tubercle beneath the mandibular symphysis to which a pair of AB accessory muscles were attached. Conclusions: ABDM variations were found in 1 in 3 individuals in the local Northern California population. Knowledge of the prevalence and common patterns of ABDM variations in the general population would be valuable information when an operation or examination is performed in the submental region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cadaveric analysis of anatomical variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

Anderson

Tucker

2021

Folia Morphol

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“…As positioning errors lead to deviations in recognition, other reliable landmarks are urgently required. Since the SP and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle are located at the interface between the parotid gland and the parapharyngeal space, ultrasound can reliably reveal the SP and digastric muscle; therefore, these two structures can be used as a landmark for identifying the gap where deep cervical lesions originate (14). The position of ultrasonic anatomy of the parapharyngeal space is more important and it is worth to be used widely in clinical practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomic basis for ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of styloid process–related diseases

et al. 2020

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Background: The styloid process (SP), stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of hyoid bone together form the stylohyoid chain. Differences in the ossification degree and the connection sites of each segment of the stylohyoid chain on both sides lead to variations in the length, orientation, thickness, and straightness of SP. The incidence of elongation of the SP, known as styloid process syndrome (SPS), is around 4%, with only 4% of patients showing elongation show symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) remains the firstchoice auxiliary examination for diagnosing SPS, but its performance can be affected by a variety of factors.Ultrasound can reveal the parapharyngeal space and adjacent structures, which offer high consistency with CT findings. Here, we investigated the ultrasonographic features of the SP and its adjacent structures in normal adults and assessed the clinical utility of ultrasound assessment for SP-related diseases.Methods: With the ramus of mandible, mastoid process, SP, and salivary gland as the anatomical landmarks, ultrasonography was conducted on the parapharyngeal space in 78 healthy adults. The scans were performed along the oblique coronal section of the ramus and the cross-sectional plane between the mastoid process and ramus to visualize the SP and its adjacent structures. The SP length, the shortest distance from the SP tip to the outer edge of tonsil (SP-tonsil distance), and the distance from SP to the internal carotid artery (SP-ICA distance) were measured.Results: SP and its adjacent structures were successfully visualized on ultrasonography in all 78 subjects.The measured SP length was 2.65±0.48 cm. The SP-tonsil distance was 1.95±0.50 cm. The SP-ICA distance was 0.509±0.231 cm. The SP length and SP-tonsil distance measured by ultrasound were not significantly different from those measured by CT (P=0.071, P=0.053). Furthermore, the SP length and SP-tonsil distance measured by ultrasound were positively correlated with CT measurements (r=0.917, P=0.071; r=0.978, P=0.053, respectively). SP-tonsil distance was negatively correlated with SP length and SP inward deflection angle.Conclusions: Ultrasound can accurately reveal the shape and size of SP and its adjacent structures and thus will be helpful for the diagnosis of SP-related diseases.

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“…We need to keep in our mind that the course of the nerve can be affected by the size and location of the submandibular gland. Also, as it is well known, anterior belly of the digastric muscle is one of the suprahyoid muscles that often shows anatomical variation [19].…”

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confidence: 99%

Localizing the nerve to the mylohyoid using the mylohyoid triangle

et al. 2021

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The nerve to the mylohyoid muscle has been well studied but there are no specific anatomical landmarks for identifying it. Therefore, we aimed to identify anatomical landmarks for localizing the nerve to the mylohyoid muscle in the submandibular region. Sixteen sides from eight embalmed Caucasian cadaveric heads were used in this study. The mean age at the time of death of the specimens was 80.3 years. The anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle, submental artery, and mylohyoid muscle were dissected to verify their relationships with the nerve to the mylohyoid muscle. The nerve to the mylohyoid muscle was found medial to the submental artery, lateral to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and anterior to the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle on all sides. Herein, we identified what we term the mylohyoid triangle. This anatomical region can help localize the nerve to the mylohyoid muscle.

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Anatomy and variations of digastric muscle

Cited by 38 publications

References 41 publications

A cadaveric analysis of anatomical variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

A cadaveric analysis of anatomical variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

The anatomic basis for ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of styloid process–related diseases

Localizing the nerve to the mylohyoid using the mylohyoid triangle

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