“…Since the early description of the crustacean cardiac ganglion (Bullock and Terzuolo, 1957), there have been numerous reports on multiple spike initiation zones in single neurons. Such neurons include crustacean stomatogastric ganglion neurons (Moulins et al, 1979; Meyrand et al, 1992; Combes et al, 1993; Smarandache and Stein, 2007; Thuma et al, 2009), molluscan giant neurons (Tauc and Hughes, 1963; Zecevic, 1996; Antic et al, 2000), and insects sensory neurons (Heitler and Goodman, 1978; Killian et al, 2000). In these neurons, individual spike-initiation zones can independently fire, which can also be the target for neuromodulation (Daur et al, 2009; Bucher and Goaillard, 2011).…”