Anatomical variation of co-existing bilaminar tensor of the vastus intermedius muscle and new type of sixth head of the quadriceps femoris

Abstract

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Unveiling the Tensor Vastus Intermedius – A distinct anatomical phenomenon or a standard variation? A comparative analysis of comprehensive literature and original cadaveric studies

“…Grob's 2017 MRI-based investigation of TVI prevalence [11] was soon complemented by a 2021 embryonic study revealing TVI's emergence at the CS 22 phase, marking it as the last developing component of the Quadriceps Femoris (QF) [12]. A Polish case report then revealed the existence of a double-bellied TVI, and an unprecedented sixth QF head originating from the vastus medialis [13] (Tab. 4).…”

Quadriceps femoris muscle: anatomical variations, population frequencies and clinical implications

“…This new muscle head ran independently in its intermediate 1/3, while in its proximal and distal 1/3, the muscle belly and the caudal aponeurotic region showed great interindividual variability with the vastus intermedius and/or lateralis depending on its degree of development, distinguishing four variants, being the most common the independent variant (Table 2) [18,22]. This new fifth head of the quadriceps femoris has enormous variability in its origin [33] and in its structure, with bilaminar morphology on some occasions [37], as well as penniform on others [34] (Table 3).…”