Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance

Silva-Sánchez, Aarón; Randall, Troy D.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00002-x

Cited by 33 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 273 publications

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“…Bearing in mind that coronaviruses are markedly pneumoenteric viruses, GALT and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are of enormous importance for the control of infection ( 54 ). The reduction in the number of active viral particles in the intestinal mucosa and the activation of other immune mechanisms in the GALT could reinforce the specific immune response against infection by SARS-CoV-2, improving the regulation of the immune system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19

et al. 2021

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After a year of evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, there is still no specific effective treatment for the disease. Although the majority of infected people experience mild disease, some patients develop a serious disease, especially when other pathologies concur. For this reason, it would be very convenient to find pharmacological and immunological mechanisms that help control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the COVID-19 and BCoV viruses are very close phylogenetically, different studies demonstrate the existence of cross-immunity as they retain shared epitopes in their structure. As a possible control measure against COVID-19, we propose the use of cow’s milk immune to BCoV. Thus, the antigenic recognition of some highly conserved structures of viral proteins, particularly M and S2, by anti-BCoV antibodies present in milk would cause a total or partial inactivation of SARS-COV-2 (acting as a particular vaccine) and be addressed more easily by GALT’s highly specialized antigen-presenting cells, thus helping the specific immune response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19

et al. 2021

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“…Examination of MALT in the lacrimal drainage system (except the lacrimal puncta and NLDO) and ear is challenging due to the need for blind collection in a bony vault. The LDALT acts as a conduit for immune interactions between the NALT and the eye, 11,31,32 and collection of 1 or more of the lacrimal gland, CALT with lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, NLD, NLDO, NALT or NPT, and regional draining lymph nodes (parotid, retropharyngeal, and mandibular) should be considered to fully evaluate the response of the eye to therapeutics, vaccines, and medical devices. The most likely site of MALT in the ear is in the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube near the oropharynx, but responses in this eustachian MALT may also reflect changes in the oropharynx or the middle ear, rather than just a response within the eustachian tube.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,[8][9][10] Recent reviews should be consulted for additional details on morphology, immunophenotyping, and functional activity of MALT. 5,6,11 The above is a description of typical MALT, but in routine histologic sections, lymphocytes may obscure the FAE; lamina propria may multifocally separate the follicle and the FAE; follicles may be small, lack germinal centers, and have little to no overlying FAE; or subepithelial lymphocytes may form a diffuse layer rather than a focal aggregate or follicle. All of these profiles are possible depending on the state of acquisition or activation of the MALT and whether the tissue section captures MALT at the edge of the follicle or in the center.…”

Section: Morphology and Immunobiology Of Maltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,9,17,30,31 An abundance of lymphatics in the NALT and around the NLDO in the nasal cavity of mice appears to connect the immune responses of the nose and eye and the regional draining lymph nodes. 11,31 Surgical occlusion at the lacrimal (conjunctival) punctum in the rabbit does not alter the conjunctival response but enhances the systemic response after local ocular immunization. After intranasal immunization with lacrimal system occlusion, the ocular, but not the systemic response, was decreased.…”

Section: Functional Integration Of the Lymphoid Tissues Of The Headmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures of the Eye and Ear in Laboratory Animals

Schuh¹

2020

Toxicol Pathol

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Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of special senses is poorly described and can be confused with nonspecific mononuclear cell infiltrates and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In the eye, MALT consists mostly of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT). In humans, CALT and LDALT are important components of the normal eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT), but EALT is less frequently described in ocular tissues of animals. The EALT are acquired postnatally in preferential mucosal sites, expand with antigenic exposure, form well-developed lymphoid follicles, and are reported to senesce. Lymphoid follicles that are induced concurrently with chronic inflammation are more appropriately considered TLS but must be differentiated from inflammation in MALT. Less understood is the etiology for formation of lymphoid tissue aggregates in the ciliary body, limbus, or choroid of healthy eyes in animals and humans. In the healthy eustachian tube and middle ear of animals and humans, MALT may be present but is infrequently described. Concurrent with otitis media, lymphoid follicles in the eustachian tube are probably expanded MALT, but lymphoid follicles in the middle ear may be TLS. The purpose of this comparative review is to familiarize toxicologic pathologists with MALT in the special senses and to provide considerations for differentiating and reporting eye and ear MALT from immune or inflammatory cell infiltrates or inflammation in nonclinical studies, and the circumstances for reporting TLS in compartments of the eye and ear.

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“…La respuesta inmune que alcance esos objetivos, sin embargo, debe permitir el funcionamiento óptimo del sistema respiratorio y ser complementaria a las defensas innatas. Por esa razón, el NALT y el BALT, diferentes entre sí, actúan en coordinación con GALT (Lambrecht et al, 2015;Silva-Sánchez & Randall, 2020).…”

Section: Respuesta Inmune Adaptativa En Las Vías Respiratoriasunclassified

Interacciones entre SARS-CoV-2 y el sistema de defensas del aparato respiratorio: consideraciones para la prevención y el manejo de las infecciones

Cruz¹

2020

CTS

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Se describe la situación global de las infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 y los cuadros clínicos de COVID-19. Se presentan datos epidemiológicos de Centro América y de Guatemala, para ejemplificar algunos factores de riesgo de infección y morbilidad. Se revisa la función y estructura del sistema respiratorio, sus mecanismos de defensa innata – captura y remoción de agentes extraños, reconocimiento e inactivación de agentes potencialmente nocivos, reparación del daño, y prevención de futuras incursiones por agentes identificados-, los de defensa adaptativa en las vías respiratorias, y el microbioma. Se describen los tejidos linfoides nasal, y bronquio-alveolar, y la contribución de citoquinas, células especializadas, y anticuerpos del tipo IgA secretoria a la protección antiviral, a la respuesta inflamatoria asociada a la infección, y a la reparación del daño tisular. Se discuten las interacciones de SARS-CoV-2 con los mecanismos de defensa. Se presentan consideraciones para las medidas preventivas de infecciones, incluyendo la aplicación de vacunas, y para evitar enfermedad severa.

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Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance

Cited by 33 publications

References 273 publications

Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19

Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures of the Eye and Ear in Laboratory Animals

Interacciones entre SARS-CoV-2 y el sistema de defensas del aparato respiratorio: consideraciones para la prevención y el manejo de las infecciones

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