Anatomical study of toe flexion by flexor hallucis longus

Edama, Mutsuaki; Kubo, Masayoshi; Onishi, Hideaki; Takabayashi, Tomoya; Yokoyama, Erika; Inai, Takuma; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Nashimoto, Satoshi; Kageyama, Ikuo

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2015.11.008

Cited by 30 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The case of the present study corresponded to type II. Its prevalence was 3% in the present study; thus, it was similar to studies of Plaasss et al (2013) [16] and Edama et al (2016) [4].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In the previous studies, the tendinous slip of the FHL constituted the long flexor tendon only for the second toe in 8~41.2%; it developed into two slips to the tendons for the second and third toes in 47.1~64% and into three slips to the tendons for the second, third, and fourth toes in 7~ 28% [3,4,[16][17][18]. Thus, it seems that the tendinous slip of the FHL is not a rare variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interconnection between the FHL and the FDL tendons have been usually classified into four types [1][2][3][4]16]; Type I, tendinous slip from the FHL to FDL tendon in 41.7~97%; Type II, tendinous slip from the FHL to FDL and an additional slip from the FDL to FHL (crossed connection) in 1~41.7%; Type III, tendinous slip from the FDL to FHL in 0~30%; and Type IV, no connection between the FHL and FDL in 0~16.7%. The case of the present study corresponded to type II.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several reports regarding various connections between the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendons in the foot [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a connection between the FHL and FDL tendons might contribute to residual function of the lesser toes after transfer of the FHL tendon [4]. In the propulsive phase of running, jumping or walking, the FDL pulls the toes firmly downwards towards the ground to achieve the maximum grip and thrust during the toe-off phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Tendinous Slip of the Flexor Digitorum Longus for the Great Toe: An Anatomic Variation

Lee

Hur

2017

Korean J Phys Anthropol

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: This report describes a variation of the tendinous slip of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) for the great toe. In addition, compositions of the long flexor tendons for all five toes were examined. The tendons of the FDL in the foot were investigated in 66 specimens of embalmed Korean adult cadavers. The tendons of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and the FDL with the lumbrical muscles were cut at the calcaneus and the metatarsophalangeal joints and were removed en bloc specifically to observe the FDL and the FHL tendons of the great toe. The tendinous slip of the FDL for the great toe was found bilaterally in the foot of a 52-year-old male. Its prevalence was two of 66 specimens (3.0%). The tendinous slip of the FDL for the great toe passed forward the great toe, and it constituted the superficial portion of the long flexor tendon for the great toe. The tendon of the FHL passed forward to constitute the deep portion of the long flexor tendon for the great toe. Thus, both the tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL composed the long flexor tendon for the great toe. The tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL for the great toe were similar in thickness; thus, each tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL were approximately one-half of the long flexor tendon for the great toe in thickness.The present study demonstrated an anatomical variation of the interconnection between the FHL and the FDL tendons, which will be useful for various surgeries and biomechanical research.

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“…The case of the present study corresponded to type II. Its prevalence was 3% in the present study; thus, it was similar to studies of Plaasss et al (2013) [16] and Edama et al (2016) [4].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several reports regarding various connections between the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendons in the foot [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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