Anatomical Study of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Free-living Axis Deer (Axis axis)

Abstract

The macroscopic anatomy of the stomach and intestines of adult axis deer (Axis axis), a cervid species considered intermediate/mixed feeder, was observed and recorded. Nine adult wild axis deers of both sexes were used and studied by simple dissection. The ruminal papillae were distributed unevenly in the overall area of the inner surface of rumen and primarily were more large and abundant within the atrium. The ruminal pillars had no papillae. There was an additional ruminal pillar located between the right longitudinal and right coronary ventral pillars connected to the caudal pillar. No dorsal coronary pillars were found, and the ventral coronary pillars are connected. The reticulum was the third compartment in size, and the maximum height of the reticular crests was 1.0 mm. The Cellulae reticuli were not divided and rarely contained secondary crests. There were no Papillae unguiculiformes. The omasum was the smallest gastric compartment. The abomasum had about twelve spiral plicae, and a small pyloric torus was present. The intraruminal papillation was similar to those species that are characterized by a higher proportion of grass in their natural diet. The finding of the small reticular crests is typical for browser ruminants and was coincident with data reported for other deer. The comparative ratio of the small intestine to the large intestine was 1.69, in terms of length measurements in axis deer and appears below of the 'browser range'. We concluded that the gastrointestinal system of axis deer reflected similar morphological characteristics of the both types of ruminants: browser and grazer, and we consider it as an intermediate feeder.

Effect of Sex and Age on Nutritional Content in Wild Axis Deer (Axis axis Erx.) Meat

“…In the study area, axis deer co-occurs with more numerous mouflon population (Ovis ammon musimon Pall.) and both species are intermediate feeders [36,37]. Accordingly, previous studies of plant categories and plant species present in mouflon diet and analyses of mouflon rumen content [37] are also applicable to axis deer.…”

Comparative omasum anatomy in ruminants: Relationships with natural diet, digestive physiology, and general considerations on allometric investigations

“…Anatomical measurements were either taken from existing publications (Bonin, Tremblay, & Côté, ; Booyse & Dehority, ; Church, ; Clauss, Hofmann, Hummel, et al, ; Clauss, Hummel, Vercammen, & Streich, ; Clauss, Hummel, Völlm, Lorenz, & Hofmann, ; Clauss, Reese, & Eulenberger, ; Geiger, Hofmann, & König, ; Hofmann, ; Hofmann, Geiger, & König, ; Hofmann, Knight, & Skinner, ; Holand & Staaland, ; Holtenius & Björnhag, ; Jerbi, Bayoudh, Clauss, & Pérez, ; Jerbi & Pérez, ; Jiang et al, ; Lauwers, ; Ledger & Smith, ; Li, Yuan, & Zhou, ; Mathiesen et al, ; McSweeney, ; Nagy & Regelin, ; Pérez, Erdogan, & Ungerfeld, ; Pérez & Ungerfeld, ; Pérez & Vazquez, ; Pfeiffer, ; Reissig, ; Sauer et al, ; Sauer et al, ; Sauer, Bertelsen, Lund, Weisbjerg, & Clauss, ; Sibbald & Milne, ; Staaland, Adamczewski, & Gunn, ; Stafford & Stafford, ; Tahas et al, ; Takatsuki, ; Werner, ), or from previously unpublished observations during dissections performed by both senior authors. The data are given in the electronic Supporting Information.…”

Macroanatomical aspects of the gastrointestinal tract of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos Linnaeus, 1758) and dromedary (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758)

“…Anatomical measurements were taken following standard procedures for ruminants (e.g. hoFmann et al, 1995;Pérez et al, 2015;sauer et al, 2016). Briefly, the C1 was placed on its left side, and the height and length of the C1 and the C2, and the length of the curvature of C3A and curvatures of C3B were measured with soft measuring tape.…”