Anatomical Studies of the Human Clitoris

Baskin, Laurence S.; Erol, Ali; Li, Ying Wu; LIU, WEN HUI; Kurzrock, Eric A.; Cunha, Gerald R.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)68052-2

Cited by 190 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In fact, cutting the vulva may damage neural innervations much the same way as radical vulvectomy following cancer (Einstein 2008 important for female sexual response (Yang et al 2005), may not only be damaged but partially missing in some women with FGM/C. Recall that anatomical studies show that the specialized sensory nerves of the clitoris, the only function of which is to produce sexual arousal, are concentrated in a rich neurovascular area of only a few centimetres (Baskin et al 1999;Hyde and Delamater 2006). It is reasonable therefore that researchers warn against disrupting the somatosensory innervation of the glans clitoris (Baskin et al 1999;Einstein 2008;Yang et al 2005).…”

Section: Main Results and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women’s Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) refers to a cultural practice which involves partial removal of or injury to the female external genitalia for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. Estimates suggest that there are 100-130 million girls and women currently living with various health consequences from FGM/C. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the sexual consequences of FGM/C. A total of 15 studies, of variable methodological quality, with 12,671 participants from seven different countries were included. The majority of the 65 outcomes were statistically associated with FGM/ C status at study level. Meta-analysis results showed that compared to women without FGM/C, women who had been subjected to FGM/C were more likely to report dyspareunia (relative risk (RR)=1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.15, 2.0), no sexual desire (RR=2.15, 95% CI=1.37, 3.36) and less sexual satisfaction (standardized mean difference=−0.34, 95% CI=−0.56, −0.13). Heterogeneity precluded additional consideration of other outcomes. The systematic review substantiates the proposition that a woman whose genital tissues have been partly removed is more likely to experience increased pain and reduction in sexual satisfaction and desire. Increased research efforts to investigate the sexual harms from FGM/C are indicated. Sexual education and therapy could be offered to women with FGM/C who want that.

show abstract

Section: Main Results and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women’s Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…That patient was experienced in sexual games with other males and some unusual form of selfmasturbation, but "has never been able to have an orgasm," "has no genital, perineal, oral, or anal sexual sensations analogous to the genital excitement of normal men but simply feels an increased body tenseness that gradually exhausts itself." In order to understand the differences in sexual functioning between different subcategories of patients with penile agenesis, specific neuroanatomic studies of the erotic innervation of the reproductive tract and pelvic floor in such patients are needed to complement the recent advances in the understanding of the developmental neuroanatomy of the normal urogenital tract (Baskin et al, 1999;Baskin, Lee, & Cunha, 1997;Yucel & Baskin, 2003;Yucel, de Souza, & Baskin, 2004) and a first report on the neuroanatomy of the pelvis in an infant with cloacal exstrophy (Schlegel & Gearhart, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Identity Outcome in Female-Raised 46,XY Persons with Penile Agenesis, Cloacal Exstrophy of the Bladder, or Penile Ablation

Meyer‐Bahlburg

2005

Arch Sex Behav

221

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review addresses the long-term gender outcome of gender assignment of persons with intersexuality and related conditions. The gender assignment to female of 46,XY newborns with severe genital abnormalities despite a presumably normal-male prenatal sex-hormone milieu is highly controversial because of variations in assumptions about the role of biological factors in gender identity formation. This article presents a literature review of gender outcome in three pertinent conditions (penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, and penile ablation) in infancy or early childhood. The findings clearly indicate an increased risk of later patient-initiated gender re-assignment to male after female assignment in infancy or early childhood, but are nevertheless incompatible with the notion of a full determination of core gender identity by prenatal androgens.

show abstract

“…The distribution and course of the neurovascular bundle of the clitoris is similar to that of the penis. The wide urethral plate is adherent to the corporal bodies, causing ventral chordee [12]. O'Connell et al described the urethra as a pelvic and perineal conduit embedded in the anterior vaginal wall but in all other directions surrounded by the erectile tissue of the clitoris [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual function after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for stress incontinence: results of a mailed questionnaire

Elzevier

Venema²,

Nijeholt

2004

Int Urogynecol J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a retrospective study we evaluated sexual function after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) placement for urinary stress incontinence based on responses to a mailed questionnaire at least 3 months after the operation, to a maximum of 1 year. From 1999 to 2002, a sexual function questionnaire was mailed to 128 women (and their partners) who had undergone a TVT procedure for genuine urinary stress incontinence, without pelvic organ prolapse or detrusor instability. The questionnaire was returned by 96 women (75%), 69 (72%) of whom reported being sexually active. Mean frequency of intercourse did not change. Overall, 26% described improved intercourse compared to before the operation. Only one patient described worsening of intercourse after the TVT operation because of an increase in her incontinence. Overall, in this study the technique of tension-free vaginal tape as such seems to have no negative impact on sexual function. However, because of its successful outcome on incontinence, it has a positive overall effect on sexual function. The possible causes of postoperative partner discomfort require further investigation.

show abstract

Anatomical Studies of the Human Clitoris

Cited by 190 publications

References 15 publications

Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women’s Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C

Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women’s Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C

Gender Identity Outcome in Female-Raised 46,XY Persons with Penile Agenesis, Cloacal Exstrophy of the Bladder, or Penile Ablation

Sexual function after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for stress incontinence: results of a mailed questionnaire

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About