Anatomical Pathways from the White to the Red Pulp in the Human Spleen

Brozman, M

doi:10.1159/000145964

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…MØ accumulation remodeling in red pulp of the residual spleen indrectly reflected that hematopoietic function of red pulp enhanced. Splenic marginal zone was the pathway through which lymphocytes migrated from the white pulp into red pulp, where lymphocytes closely contacted with MØs and interdigitating cells, and participated in the immune response after being activated [ 21 , 37 ]. There was no significant difference in counts of MØs in white pulp and MZ among the three groups, indicating that number of MØ involved in immune response didn’t decrease due to fibrosis in groups of residual spleen and splenomegaly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of immune cells and function of the residual spleen after subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly in cirrhotic patients

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe spleen is thought to be central in regulating the immune system, a metabolic asset involved in endocrine function. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection leads to a mortality rate of up to 50%. However, there is still controversy on performing subtotal splenectomy as treatment of splenomegaly due to portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients. In the present study, immunocytes and the indexes of splenic size, hemodynamics, hematology and immunology in the residual spleen were analyzed to support subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly.ResultsIn residual spleen, T lymphocytes mainly were focal aggregation in the periarterial lymphatic sheath. While B lymphocytes densely distributed in splenic corpuscle. In red pulp, macrophages were equally distributed in the xsplenic cord and adhered to the wall of splenic sinus with high density. The number of unit area T and B lymphocytes of splenic corpuscle and marginal zone as well as macrophages of red pulp were obviously increased in the residual spleen, while the number of macrophages didn’t be changed among the three groups in white pulp. While there were some beneficial changes (i.e., Counts of platelet and leucocyte as well as serum proportion of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells were increased markedly; serum levels of M-CSF and GM-CSF were decreased significantly; The proportion of granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte in bone marrow were changed obviously; But serum IgA, IgM, IgG, Tuftsin level, there was no significant difference; splenic artery flow volume, portal venous diameter and portal venous flow volume, a significant difference was observed in residual spleen) in the clinical indices.ConclusionAfter subtotal splenectomy with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients, the number of unit area T and B lymphocytes, and MØ in red pulp of residual spleen increased significantly. However, whether increase of T, B lymphocytes and MØs in residual splenic tissue can enhance the immune function of the spleen, still need further research to confirm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of immune cells and function of the residual spleen after subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly in cirrhotic patients

et al. 2014

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“…Although the in vitro phenotype of MZ B lymphocytes is well defined in humans, 40,41 there has been much confusion about the microanatomical location of these cells, because the MZ has often been mixed up with the perifollicular zone. [42][43][44] There may, in fact, be conditions in which the perifollicular zone harbors major numbers of B lymphocytes making a distinction between outer MZ and perifollicular zone rather difficult. Our findings clearly disagree with the interpretations by Hsu and colleagues 38,45 in that we definitively show the human MZ as a B-lymphocyte region with a variable content of CD4-positive T lymphocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perifollicular and Marginal Zones of the Human Splenic White Pulp

Steiniger

Barth

Hellinger

2001

The American Journal of Pathology

125

167

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We investigate the white pulp compartments of 73 human spleens and demonstrate that there are several microanatomical peculiarities in man that do not occur in rats or mice. Humans lack a marginal sinus separating the marginal zone (MZ) from the follicles or the follicular mantle zone. The MZ is divided into an inner and an outer compartment by a special type of fibroblasts. An additional compartment, termed the perifollicular zone, is present between the follicular MZ and the red pulp. The perifollicular zone contains sheathed capillaries and blood-filled spaces without endothelial lining. In the perifollicular zone, in the outer MZ, and in the T cell zone fibroblasts of an unusual phenotype occur. These cells stain for the adhesion molecules MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1 (CD106), and VAP-1; the Thy-1 (CD90) molecule; smooth muscle alpha-actin and smooth muscle myosin; cytokeratin 18; and thrombomodulin (CD141). They are, however, negative for the peripheral node addressin, the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen, CD34, PECAM-1 (CD31), and P- and E-selectin (CD62P and CD62E). In the MZ the fibroblasts are often tightly associated with CD4-positive T lymphocytes, whereas CD8-positive cells are almost absent. Our findings lead to the hypothesis, that recirculating CD4-positive T lymphocytes enter the human splenic white pulp from the open circulation of the perifollicular zone without crossing an endothelium. Specialized fibroblasts may attract these T cells and guide them into the periarteriolar T cell area.

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“…For the lymphocytes that leave the WP, there are two possible routes of exit, namely, via the blood or via the efferent lymph [18]. Via the blood, in the rodent spleen, 'marginal zone bridging channels' [19] or 'lymphocyte sheaths around the terminal arterioles' [20] have been described as passageways for lymphocytes from the MZ into the red pulp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%