Anatomical organization of the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the cat. A comparison with area 17 of the macaque monkey

Lund, Jennifer S.; Henry, G H; Macqueen, C. L.; Harvey, A.R.

doi:10.1002/cne.901840402

Cited by 336 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Local inhibition and synaptic responses are taken into account by response kernels for the EPSP and IPSP as in the SRM. The general branching pattern is based on the idea that neurons from layer 1 (1 5 1 5 3) get input from all layers above I (including 1 itself) according to available anatomical data (Lund et al, 1979;Creutzfeldt, 1983;Gilbert and Wiesel, 1983;Valverde, 1984;Braitenberg, 1986;Krone et al, 1986;Burkhalter, 1989;Douglas and Martin, 1991;Anderson et al, 1993;Gilbert, 1993). Specifically, we have considered two different, anatomically inspired, axonal branching patterns, AC and A", under various stimulus conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, let us consider the dendritic and axonal arborization, which is layer-dependent (Lund et al, 1979;Creutzfeldt, 1983;Gilbert and Wiesel, 1983;Valverde, 1984;Braitenberg, 1986;Krone et al, 1986;Burkhalter, 1989;Douglas and Martin, 1991;Anderson et al, 1993;Gilbert, 1993). Specifically, we assume the following dendritic arborization (see Fig.…”

Section: Layered Cortical Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biologically, this can be interpreted as a stimulation of input-layer IV, such as in the primary visual cortex by signals coming from the thalamus. It can be extracted from neuroanatomical data about the visual cortex of cats (Lund et al, 1979;Gilbert and Wiesel, 1983;Douglas and Martin, 1991;Gilbert, 1993), monkeys (Tigges and Tigges, 1982;Valverde, 1984;Anderson et al, 1993), and men (Creutzfeldt, 1983) that pyramidal cells in supragranular layers send their axons vertically downwards and leave the cortex to terminate in other cortical areas or in subcortical structures. On their way through the cortex they send out collaterals in regular intervals, but generally avoiding layer IV.…”

Section: Feedforward Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vertical signal flow and oscillations in a three-layer model of the cortex

et al. 1996

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Abstract. A model of vertical signal flow across a layered cortical structure is presented and analyzed. Neurons communicate through spikes, which evoke an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential (spike response model). The layers incorporate two anatomical features -dendritic and axonal arborization patterns and distance-dependent time delays. The vertical signal flow through the network is discussed for various stimulus conditions using two different, but typical, axonal arborization patterns. We find stationary as well as oscillatory response, but the oscillatory response may be restricted to a single layer. Confronted with conflicting stimuli the network separates the patterns through phase-shifted oscillations. We also discuss two hypothetical animals, to be called "cat" and "mouse." These have different axonal arborizations, which give rise to a different oscillatory response (if any) of the various layers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Layered Cortical Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Feedforward Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vertical signal flow and oscillations in a three-layer model of the cortex

et al. 1996

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“…Interestingly, this is also the main direction of flow of excitation mediated by spiny stellate and star pyramidal cells' axons (Lund et al, 1979;Ferster and Lindstrom, 1983;Armstrong-James et al, 1992;Anderson et al, 1994;Lubke et al, 2000). Thus, inhibition in the cortex is inextricably linked to excitation, apparently following it along its intracortical course.…”

Section: Excitatory and Inhibitory Flow After A Thalamocortical Volleymentioning

confidence: 98%

Diverse Types of Interneurons Generate Thalamus-Evoked Feedforward Inhibition in the Mouse Barrel Cortex

Porter¹,

Johnson²,

2001

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Sensory information, relayed through the thalamus, arrives in the neocortex as excitatory input, but rapidly induces strong disynaptic inhibition that constrains the cortical flow of excitation both spatially and temporally. This feedforward inhibition is generated by intracortical interneurons whose precise identity and properties were not known. To characterize interneurons generating feedforward inhibition, neurons in layers IV and V of mouse somatosensory ("barrel") cortex in vitro were tested in the cell-attached configuration for thalamocortically induced firing and in the whole-cell mode for synaptic responses. Identification as inhibitory or excitatory neurons was based on intrinsic firing patterns and on morphology revealed by intracellular staining. Thalamocortical stimulation evoked action potentials in ϳ60% of inhibitory interneurons but in Ͻ5% of excitatory neurons. The inhibitory interneurons that fired received fivefold larger thalamocortical inputs compared with nonfiring inhibitory or excitatory neurons. Thalamocortically evoked spikes in inhibitory interneurons followed at short latency the onset of excitatory monosynaptic responses in the same cells and slightly preceded the onset of inhibitory responses in nearby neurons, indicating their involvement in disynaptic inhibition. Both nonadapting (fast-spiking) and adapting (regular-spiking) inhibitory interneurons fired on thalamocortical stimulation, as did interneurons expressing parvalbumin, calbindin, or neither calcium-binding protein.Morphological analysis revealed that some interneurons might generate feedforward inhibition within their own layer IV barrel, whereas others may convey inhibition to upper layers, within their own or in adjacent columns. We conclude that feedforward inhibition is generated by diverse classes of interneurons, possibly serving different roles in the processing of incoming sensory information.

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“…The difficulty remains in establishing who talks to whom and how much in a cortical circuit built up of many thousands of neurons. The time-honored technique of circuit building is to assume that axons connect only to the neurons of which the somata lie in the layer of axonal arborization (Lorente de Nó , 1949;Lund et al, 1979;Gilbert, 1983). Using this method, one of the most complete cortical circuits for excitatory neurons was proposed for cat visual cortex by Gilbert and Wiesel (1981) from data obtained by intracellularly labeling neurons in cat visual cortex in vivo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Binzegger¹,

Douglas²,

Martin³

2004

J. Neurosci.

787

996

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We developed a quantitative description of the circuits formed in cat area 17 by estimating the "weight" of the projections between different neuronal types. To achieve this, we made three-dimensional reconstructions of 39 single neurons and thalamic afferents labeled with horseradish peroxidase during intracellular recordings in vivo. These neurons served as representatives of the different types and provided the morphometrical data about the laminar distribution of the dendritic trees and synaptic boutons and the number of synapses formed by a given type of neuron. Extensive searches of the literature provided the estimates of numbers of the different neuronal types and their distribution across the cortical layers. Applying the simplification that synapses between different cell types are made in proportion to the boutons and dendrites that those cell types contribute to the neuropil in a given layer, we were able to estimate the probable source and number of synapses made between neurons in the six layers. The predicted synaptic maps were quantitatively close to the estimates derived from the experimentalelectronmicroscopicstudiesforthecaseofthemainsourcesofexcitatoryandinhibitoryinputtothespinystellatecells,whichform a major target of layer 4 afferents. The map of the whole cortical circuit shows that there are very few "strong" but many "weak" excitatory projections, each of which may involve only a few percentage of the total complement of excitatory synapses of a single neuron.

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Anatomical organization of the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the cat. A comparison with area 17 of the macaque monkey

Cited by 336 publications

References 47 publications

Vertical signal flow and oscillations in a three-layer model of the cortex

Vertical signal flow and oscillations in a three-layer model of the cortex

Diverse Types of Interneurons Generate Thalamus-Evoked Feedforward Inhibition in the Mouse Barrel Cortex

A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex

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