Anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat and its description by multivariate methods: How valid are principal components?

Mueller, William H.; Wohlleb, James C.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330540104

Cited by 65 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…17 Two indices were constructed, one representing subcutaneous fatness and a second representing the distribution or patterning of fat over the body, the second was concerned with individual differences in the relative distribution of fat on the trunk and the lower extremity, which is the aspect of anatomical patterning of fat most prevalent in human populations. 13 The rationale and method used to develop the indices have been presented previously. 14 The indices were constructed through use of principal components analysis and, therefore, are uncorrelated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood pressure, fatness, and fat patterning among USA adolescents from two ethnic groups.

Stallones¹,

Mueller²,

Christensen³

1982

Hypertension

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SUMMARY Many studies have explored the relationship between blood pressure and body size and composition in adults and preadults, but none has inquired into the relationship of blood pressure and the anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat (fat patterning). Fat patterning has an association with chronic diseases (diabetes and cardiovascular disease) in adults. We sought the relationship between fatness, fat patterning, weight, and height among adolescents (12 to 17 years of age) of two ethnic groups (black and white) from the Health Examination Survey. Systolic blood pressure adjusted for age was related to body build variables in all sex/ethnic groups in decreasing order of importance as follows: body weight (independent of height), fatness (as assessed by a two skinfold index), and an excess of fat on trunk relative to fat on the leg (pattern index). Neither fatness nor fat patterning was significantly related to blood pressure after weight entered the regression equation. Relative fat patterning may be less important in pedicting cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents than it is in adults. The fact that body weight was more important than fatness suggests that the weight/blood pressure association is due to components of body mass other than body fat. and serum lipids 9 l0 to individual anatomical distribution of fat (fat patterning). Techniques for characterizing fat patterning have been developed that allow for examination of data available in youths that may relate to development of disease in later life." To our knowledge no one has examined the relationship between blood pressure and fat patterning in adolescents. This report utilizes techniques reported earlier 12 -14 to examine the relationship of fat patterning, fatness, and body size (height and weight) to levels of blood pressure in a sample from the United States Health Examination Survey (HES) Cycle III (12-to 17-year old adolescents). Materials and MethodsThe HES examined 6768 pers ons who comprised a probability sample of the 12-to 17-year-old civilian noninstitutionalized population in [1966][1967][1968][1969][1970]. Details of the survey design have been presented. 15 -16 Because the focus of this project was on blood pressure and the potential confounding effects of the several variables, individuals who fell into any of the following categories were excluded prior to sample selection: those with significant cardiovascular findings, those with a history of rheumatic fever, those with significant heart murmurs, twins, and "other" races (neither white nor black). The original sample from the HES Cycle III tape was reduced to 6243 as a result of the exclusions (table 1). For the analysis that follows, a stratified random sample was taken of 20% of the total sample (after exclusions) so that there were approximately equal numbers in the four race-sex categories (white males, black males, white females, and black females). The results of the sampling technique are shown in table 1.The variables used in the analysis include diastolic an...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood pressure, fatness, and fat patterning among USA adolescents from two ethnic groups.

Stallones¹,

Mueller²,

Christensen³

1982

Hypertension

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“…Björntorp [1], Pollock and Wilmore [3], Muller and Wohlleb [29] quote aspecttos important the distribution off at regional and total due to fact of that the increase of tissue adipose in some regions, mainly in region of trunk superior which is metabolically more active that the fat located in region of members and thus more able of predict the risk of diseases cardiovascular. In this sense, the analysis the distribution off at corporal has if justified market, mainly when this reflects the effects of "Circuit Training" or other at ividads physical in relationship to segments body.…”

Section: It Was Found Through Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Program "Circuit Training" on Anthropometric Variable and Composition Body in Military Police

Ferreira¹

2013

Anat Physiol

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“…Studies are incomplete in this area, yet two major axes of anatomical patterning of subcutaneous fat have been identified: trunk-extremity and upper-lower body variations. The first was derived by studies of a large number of samples by principal components analysis (Mueller and Wohlleb, 1981). The second was derived in a diabetic population by discriminant function analysis (Mueller et aI., 1983).…”

Section: Heredity/environment and Fat Patterningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of human fatness

Mueller

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

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Studies on the quantitative genetics of fatness are reviewed in the framework of the twin, adoption-cohabitation, and familial aggregation methodologies. Low to moderate heritability of adult static fatness is evident. Somewhat less than one-third of the variation appears ascribable to genetic causes. Genetic factors may play a greater role in childhood fatness, especially during adolescence. Comparison of studies is made difficult by many methodological shortcomings. These include a rarity of studies of adult firstdegree relatives (adulthood being the period in which fatness has the greatest health consequences), different criteria of body fatness among studies, a lack of a full variety of genetic and adoptive relationships, inadequate sample sizes (especially in twin studies), and unreported precision of fatness variables. Fatness change in the life cycle and the anatomical placement of fat are important modifiers of the health effects of obesity. Yet the genetics of these characteristics are little understood. Innovative statistical methods and study designsincluding path analysis, the family set method, and families of monozygous twins need wider application to the genetics of human fatness.Human obesity, or fatness, and its heredity have been reviewed in the past (Steinberg, 1960;Mayer, 1965;Seltzer and Mayer, 1966;Seltzer, 1969;Hunt, 1972;Foch and McClearn, 1980;Forbes, 1982). Early studies relied on clinical appraisals of obesity or indices derived from weight and height (Davenport, 1923;Dunlop and Lyon, 1931;Ellis and Tallerman, 1934;Gurney, 1936;Rony, 1940;Angel, 1949). Later studies have used more direct measurements of body fatness such as subcutaneous fat or body density (Reynolds, 1951;Hewitt, 1957;Tanner and Israelsohn, 1963;Howells, 1966; Brook et aI., 1975;Garn et al, 1975;Borjeson, 1962Borjeson, , 1964Borjeson, , 1976Wolanski, 1976;Hawk and Brook, 1979; Savard et aI., 1983). A series of recent adoption studies have also attempted to assess the contribution of environment to familial aggregation of fatness (Shenker et aI., 1974; Garn et aI., 1976a Garn et aI., ,b, 1977a Garn et aI., ,b, 1979a Biron et aI., 1977; Hartz et aI., 1977). Other techniques have been used to separate the contribution of genes and environment to familial resemblance in body weight and fatness such as partial correlation (Mueller, 1977(Mueller, , 1978Mueller and Reid, 1979;Bouchard, 1980;Mueller and Malina, 1980), path analysis (Rao et aI., 1975; Bouchard et aI., 1980b), and families of identical twins (Meany et aI., unpublished). Some studies on the genetics of growth have included measurements indirectly related to fatness such as body mass index, body circumferences, and somatotypes (Bowles, 1932; Bayley, 1954;Vandenberg, 1962;Withers, 1964;McHenry and Giles, 1971;Susanne, 1975; Bouchard et aI., 1980a). Yet these have not generally been included in past reviews on the genetics of fatness. This review is intended to bring this information together in a way which will critically assess the role of genes in hu...

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Anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat and its description by multivariate methods: How valid are principal components?

Cited by 65 publications

References 21 publications

Blood pressure, fatness, and fat patterning among USA adolescents from two ethnic groups.

Blood pressure, fatness, and fat patterning among USA adolescents from two ethnic groups.

Effects of a Program "Circuit Training" on Anthropometric Variable and Composition Body in Military Police

The genetics of human fatness

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