Anatomical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Different Parts of Hypericum scabrum L. Extracts, Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial Potential

Abstract

Hypericum (Hypericaceae) is a genus that comprises a high number of species around the world. In this study, the roots, aerial parts, flowers, fruits, and aerial parts with flowers from Hypericum scabrum were macerated separately by methanol and water and then fractionated by different solvents of, such as ethyl acetate, n-hexane, butanol, dichloromethane, aqueous residue sub-extracts, and ethnobotanical use. All the extracts, sub-extracts and essential oils of H. scabrum were investigated for the first time in detail for their antimicrobial, total phenolics, and antioxidant activities. Anatomical structures of the root, stem, leaf, upper and lower leaf surface, stamen, sepal, and petal of H. scabrum were examined. The biochemical layout of essential oils was determined by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant activity was determined by free radical scavenging activity (by DPPH). Antimicrobial activity was applied against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750 using microdilution methods. The essentials of the aerial parts, flower, and fruit are characterized by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas roots oil include alkanes. The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis showed that major components of roots, aerial parts, flowers, and fruits oils were undecane (66.1%); α-pinene (17.5%), γ-terpinene (17.4%), and α-thujene (16.9%); α-pinene (55.6%), α-thujene (10.9%), and γ-terpinene (7.7%); α-pinene (85.2%), respectively. The aerial part sub-extracts indicated a greater level of total phenolics and antioxidant potential. The n-hexane sub-extracts (from aerial part, flower, and aerial part with flower) showed the best activity against B. subtilis, with 39.06 µg/mL MIC value. The presented research work indicates that H. scabrum can be a novel promising resource of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.

Hypericum Essential Oils—Composition and Bioactivities: An Update (2012–2022)

“…H. empetrifolium, which presented greater activity, yielded higher amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (especially α-pinene) in comparison with the other under-investigation species [39]. H. scabrum EO obtained from flowers was found active against the same strain of C. tropicalis (ATCC 750) with an MIC value of 312.5 µg/mL, while the MIC value from the EO from aerial parts was 156.25 µg/mL, which could be explained by the differences in the levels of α-pinene in the biomass used (55.6% in flowers vs. 17.5% in aerial parts) [70]. Antimicrobial effects of Hypericum EOs against C. krusei were firstly evaluated during the last decade, for a clinical isolate as mentioned above [39], as well as the strain ATCC 6258 for H. triquertifolium EOs [72] and H. scabrum [69], which showed selective antimicrobial activity with IC 50 104.43 µg/mL (amphotericin B used as positive control showed IC 50 0.52 µg/mL).…”

“…Contradictory results have been reported for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aureginosa, being either sensitive or resistant against the EOs from Hypericum spp. [24,32,39,41,64,70]. The observed differences could be attributed to experimental parameters such as the selected protocols, the tested concentrations, or the controls, as well as the chemical profile of the samples.…”

“…EOs [17,19,20]. Since then, 71 papers have been published describing relevant research work [10,[14][15][16]18,, 34 of them referring to biological activities [20,22,24,32,34,[38][39][40][41][42]46,49,52,54,57,58,60,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]74,77,79,82,83,86] of which antiviral, antimalarial, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, tyrosinase inhibition, immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic, hepatoprotective, and wound-healing effects had not been tested earlier, thus later data are not described in previous reviews. As a result, we updated the latest information regarding Hypericum EOs' chemical composition and biological activities and we attempted to bridge the potential relationship between traditional uses and Hypericum EOs.…”

Constituents, Enantiomeric Content, and ChE Inhibitory Activity of the Essential Oil from Hypericum laricifolium Juss. Aerial Parts Collected in Ecuador

“…Phytochemical studies carried out on different Hypericum taxa have revealed the presence of bioactive specialized metabolites belonging to different classes, including phloroglucinols, napthodianthrones, flavonoids, phenylpropanes, essential oils (EOs), benzophenones, and xanthones [ 9 , 10 ]. Most compounds show a wide range of biological properties, such as antimicrobial [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], anti-inflammatory [ 14 ], anticholinesterase [ 15 , 16 ], anti-cancer [ 17 , 18 ], antioxidant [ 19 , 20 ], anticholinesterase [ 20 ], hypoglycemic [ 21 ], anti-collagenase and anti-elastase [ 22 ], immunosuppressive [ 23 , 24 ], and immunomodulatory effects [ 25 ]. For example, the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, the prenylated phloroglucinol hyperforin, and the flavonoid amentofavone are considered the main compounds responsible for the antidepressant activity of H. perforatum [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of essential oils and extracts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata L. as a spice for diabetes mellitus

“…The flowers (30 g), roots (60 g), leaves (31 g) and aerial parts (90 g) of TS were placed separately in balloons connected to a Clevenger appliance, water was annexed to them, and essential oils were gained after about 3–4 h. The compositions of essential oils were analysed by GC‐FID and GC–MS methods. The details of GC‐FID and GC–MS methods of essential oils were given in the method of the study by Ergin et al 11 The GC–MS analysis was carried out with an Agilent 5975 GC–MSD system. Innowax FSC column (60 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness) was used with helium (high purity) as carrier gas (0.8 mL/min).…”